World War 1

1. Chapter 9, 2014 Content Vocabulary Key People, Events, Acts, Plans, and Organizations World War 1

2. Content Vocabulary

3. nationalism • intense loyalty to one’s country or group • caused tension in Europe

4. alliance system • agreements to defend other alliance countries if they were attacked • posed a great danger because an attack on one nation could trigger a war involving many countries

5. entente • French for “an understanding among nations”

6. U-boat • German submarine

7. balance of power • The alliance system was supposed to keep peace by creating this. • prevents any one country from dominating the others

8. militarism • the strengthening of armies and navies to protect a nation’s interests • in turn threatens rivals to build up their military

9. ethnic group • people who share a common language and traditions

10. propaganda • information used to influence public opinion

11. autocracy • one person with unlimited powers rules • This is the type of government that existed in Russia prior to their revolution in 1917. • The temporary government promised free elections and to continue the fight against Germany.

12. convoy • teams of navy destroyers escorting groups of merchant ships across the Atlantic

13. armistice • an agreement to end fighting • began on November 11: • 11th hour on the • 11th day of the • 11th month • Germany had to withdraw land forces and its fleet along with surrendering huge amounts of equipment.

14. kaiser • emperor • German kaiser stepped down as revolution against him spread in Germany • This led to Germany being declared a republic. • New leaders agreed to Wilson’s terms for armistice.

15. mobilization • gathering of resources • preparation for war

16. ration • limited use of food • led to Americans using less food, expanding food production, and increasing food export

17. socialists • people who believe industries should be publicly owned • They thought war would only help rich business owners and hurt working people.

18. pacifist • people opposed to the use of violence • They were obviously against war in general.

19. dissent • disagreement • opposition

20. national self-determination • the right of people to decide how they should be governed

21. reparations • payments for damage caused in war

22. Key People

23. Archduke Franz Ferdinand • next in line to the throne in Austria-Hungary • He and his wife were assassinated by Serbian nationalists/terrorists. • This was the spark that led to the chain reaction of European countries declaring war with one another.

24. Bolsheviks • group of Communists • overthrew the democratic government of Russia

25. Vladimir Lenin • leader of the Bolsheviks

26. John J. Pershing • Supreme commander of the American Expeditionary Force

27. doughboys • American soldiers fighting for the Allies

28. Henry Cabot Lodge • powerful opponent of the Treaty of Versailles • longtime foe of President Wilson • delayed a vote on the treaty • Played a major role in the rejection of the treaty by the U.S. Senate

29. Key Events, Acts, Plans

30. Battle of Verdun • German offensive (attack) • One of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war

31. Battle of the Somme • Allies begin their offensive

32. Great Migration • thousands of African-Americans moved from the rural south to Northern cities • huge population movement • thousands of Mexicans migrated to the U.S. in search of jobs

33. Food Administration • headed by Herbert Hoover • encouraged American farmers to produce more • persuaded the public to eat less • Price controls on agricultural products to encourage voluntary rationing

34. War Industries Board • supervised industrial production • oversaw the changeover of factories to produce war-related goods • set prices for key consumer products

35. Fuel Administration • managed the nation’s coal and oil • introduced Daylight Savings Time • called for “Heatless Mondays”

36. Committee on Public Information • promote the war as a battle for democracy and freedom • launched a massive propaganda campaign • Distributed millions of pro-war pamphlets, posters, articles, and books • Provided newspapers with government accounts of the war and advertisements • Hired speakers, writers, artists, and actors to build support for the war

37. Effects of the War at Home • helped the American economy • Hurt American society • government silenced opposition • Some Americans became intolerant of those who were different.

38. Battle of Argonne Forest • Allied offensive • defeated the Germans • most massive attack in American history • 7 weeks long • turns the war in favor of the Allies

39. Lusitania • British passenger liner torpedoed by German U-boats • killed more than 1000 people, including 128 Americans

40. Selective Service Act • set up a military draft to raise an army quickly • Men aged 21-30 must register to serve, then a portion of those registered are called to serve

41. Zimmerman Telegram • sent by a German foreign minister to Mexico • offered an alliance with Mexico against the U.S. • Germany offered financial support and lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

42. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • between Russia and Germany • allowed Russia to focus on their new communist government • gave Germans substantial territory • Allowed Germans to move troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front and almost win the war by taking Paris

43. Great Migration

44. Espionage Act • People against the war were seen as unpatriotic. • stiff penalties for spying • People who aided the enemy or interfered with army recruiting could be penalized, too.

45. Sabotage Act & Sedition Act • It became a crime to say, print, or write any criticism perceived, or recognized, as negative about the government. • It was considered sabotage – secret action to damage the war effort. • Thousands were convicted. • Most believed we needed to take action against traitors and disloyal Americans.

46. Fourteen Points • Wilson’s peace plan • adjusted boundaries in Europe • created new nations • included principles for conducting international relations with free trade and freedom of the seas • end to secret treaties or agreements • Limits on arms • peaceful settlement of disputes over colonies

47. League of Nations • the 14th point of Wilson’s 14 points • to improve peace and prevent future wars • respect and protection of one another’s independence

48. Treaty of Versailles • signed by the Allies and Germany • dealt harshly with the Germans • Germany had to take full responsibility for the conflict • Germany had to disarm completely and give up its overseas colonies along with territory in Europe • Carved up Austria-Hungarian and Russian Empires • New nations created, old nations restored

49. Europe After World War I • Changed boundaries of Europe • Dividing land weakened Central Powers • Germany’s land area greatly reduced • New nations emerged in Eastern Europe: Poland Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia • Economic depression aided the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Japan • France, Britain, and U.S. sent troops to Russia to fight the Bolsheviks.