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Gases: Mixtures and Movements • A list of gear for an expedition to Mount Everest includes climbing equipment, ski goggles, a down parka with a hood, and most importantly compressed-gas cylinders of oxygen. You will find out why a supply of oxygen is essential at higher altitudes.
Dalton’s Law • Dalton’s Law • How is the total pressure of a mixture of gases related to the partial pressures of the component gases?
Dalton’s Law • The contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure is called the partial pressure exerted by that gas.
Dalton’s Law • In a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases.
Dalton’s Law • Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that, at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
Dalton’s Law • Animation 17 • Observe the behavior of a mixture of nonreacting gases.
Dalton’s Law • Three gases are combined in container T.
Dalton’s Law • The partial pressure of oxygen must be 10.67 kPa or higher to support respiration in humans. The climber below needs an oxygen mask and a cylinder of compressed oxygen to survive.
for Sample Problem 14.6 • Problem Solving 14.32 • Solve Problem 32 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
Graham’s Law • Graham’s Law • How does the molar mass of a gas affect the rate at which the gas effuses or diffuses?
Graham’s Law • Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout.
Graham’s Law • Bromine vapor is diffusing upward through the air in a graduated cylinder.
Graham’s Law • After several hours, the bromine has diffused almost to the top of the cylinder.
Graham’s Law • During effusion, a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container. • Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher molar mass.
Graham’s Law • Thomas Graham’s Contribution • Graham’slaw of effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas’s molar mass. This law can also be applied to the diffusion of gases.
Graham’s Law • Comparing Effusion Rates • A helium filled balloon will deflate sooner than an air-filled balloon.
Graham’s Law • Helium atoms are less massive than oxygen or nitrogen molecules. So the molecules in air move more slowly than helium atoms with the same kinetic energy.
Graham’s Law • Because the rate of effusion is related only to a particle’s speed, Graham’s law can be written as follows for two gases, A and B.
Graham’s Law • Helium effuses (and diffuses) nearly three times faster than nitrogen at the same temperature.
Graham’s Law • Animation 18 • Observe the processes of gas effusion and diffusion.
14.4 Section Quiz. • 14.4.
14.4 Section Quiz. • 1. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a diving tank containing oxygen and helium if the total pressure is 800 kPa and the partial pressure of helium is 600 kPa? • 200 kPa • 0.75 kPa • 1.40 104 kPa • 1.33 kPa
14.4 Section Quiz. • 2. A mixture of three gases exerts a pressure of 448 kPa, and the gases are present in the mole ratio 1 : 2 : 5. What are the individual gas pressures? • 44 kPa, 88 kPa, and 316 kPa • 52 kPa, 104 kPa, and 292 kPa • 56 kPa, 112 kPa, and 280 kPa • 84 kPa, 168 kPa, and 196 kPa
14.4 Section Quiz. • 3. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Graham's Law says that the rate of diffusion of a gas is __________ proportional to the square root of its _________ mass. • directly, atomic • inversely, atomic • inversely, molar • directly, molar
Concept Map 14 • Concept Map 14 • Solve the Concept Map with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.
