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Complex Knowledge : demonstrations of learning that go above and above and beyond what was explicitly taught. Knowledge : meeting the learning goals and expectations. Foundational knowledge : simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary.
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Complex Knowledge: demonstrations of learning that go above and above and beyond what was explicitly taught. Knowledge: meeting the learning goals and expectations. Foundational knowledge: simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary. Limited knowledge: know very little details but working toward a higher level. • Understand how our view of the solar system has changed over time and how discoveries made have led to our changing our view of the solar system. • Learn planetary characteristics such as number of moons, size, composition, type of atmosphere, gravity, temperature and surface features. • Understand the movement of planetary bodies. • Understand which planetary characteristics are more important than others when it relates to our understanding of other worlds. • Understand how proximity to the sun influences planets. • Understand the methods and tools scientists use to learn about other planets and moons in our solar system. • Understand the conditions needed for a habitable world and determine if there are habitable worlds in our solar system or outside the solar system. • Understand how we look for and study solar systems other than our own.
Awesome Computer Model of the Nebular Theory at work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDtzzroA4Mk&t=9s
Solar System Formation https://youtu.be/6rXnliRWmXs
Herbig-Haro Object • As material falls into star, its magnetic field, caused by spinning, flings infalling material into bipolar jets
This accounts for the other solar system stuff too… • Moons • Comets/icy planetesimals • Asteroids • Dwarf planets • Kuiper belt & Oort cloud objects • Rings
Asteroids • Rocky bodies between Mars and Jupiter • Ceres is the largest • Used to be considered planets • They are what our solar system looked like at the beginning, before planets formed • Why they are older than any planet • They would have formed another rocky planet, but Jupiter’s gravity kept pulling it apart • If you put EVERY single one of the trillions of asteroids together into a planet, it would be only 4% of our Moon
Imagine taking a single piece of sand and dividing it up to spread out over a is 25 feet across • Or one piece of sand and divide it up over ALL of our lab desks • Our asteroid belt is mostly empty space
Also, mostly empty • Estimates range from entire mass of between 1/10 of Earth to 30 Earth’s • Think back to our solar system analogy. • Earth was a candy sprinkle. • Now take 30 of those sprinkles, and divide them up into trillions of pieces and spread them out over an area of more than 2 football fields
Kuiper Belt • Pluto is most famous inhabitant • Just outside of the orbit of Neptune • Extends from ~30 to ~ 50/60 AUs from the sun • Home of hundreds of thousands of icy bodies larger than 100 km (62 mi), and trillions of short period comets – those with orbits of a few hundred years or less • Gerard Kuiper predicted it in 1950, we didn’t get proof of its existence until 1968 (that’s science!!)
Kuiper belt objects have been detected from Earth; a few are larger than, Pluto, and their composition appears similar. • About 1/3 of all Kuiper belt objects (including Pluto) have orbits that are in a 3:2 resonance with Neptune; such objects are called “plutinos.”
5 sprinkles • 5 sprinkles ~ mass of 5 Earths • Spread over 4 billion square miles • More than the surface area of 20 planet Earth’s • 5 single candy sprinkles, broken into over 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 pieces. • 5 sprinkles! • 20 Earth’s
Oort Cloud – Our Shell • We haven’t found it, it’s only hypothesized • Because comets come from all angles, up, down, left and right, they have to be chilling out there in all directions • Too far away and too small for us to see • New Horizons will get there in around 500 years or so • Extends from ~1000 to possibly~ 100,000 AUs from the sun • That’s almost half way to the next star • It would take New Horizons over 500 years just to arrive
Oort Cloud – Our Shell • Many Trillions of long period comets are predicted to live there • Long period comets have orbits in the thousands of years or more • Jan Oort predicted it in 1953, which is why it is named after him • We have NEVER seen a single object in it
Review of Nebular theory: • Large interstellar cloud of gas and dust starts to contract, heating as it does so • Sun forms in center; dust provides condensation nuclei, around which planets form • As planets grow, they sweep up smaller debris near them
Terrestrial Planets Terrestrial (rocky) planets formed near Sun, due to high temperature—nothing else could condense there.
Terrestrial and Jovian Planets • T-Tauri (baby) stars are in a highly active phase of their evolution and have strong solar winds. • These winds sweep away the gas disk, leaving the planetesimals and gas giants.
Jovian Planets Detailed information about the cores of jovian planets should help us determine how much rock and metal were present in the outer solar system Also possible: The jovian planets may have formed farther from the Sun and “migrated” inward.
Interplanetary Debris Icy planetesimals far from the Sun were ejected into distant orbits by gravitational interaction with the jovian planets, into the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. Some were left with extremely eccentric orbits and appear in the inner solar system as comets.
Have these observations been explained? All the orbits of the planets are prograde (i.e. if seen from above the North pole of the Sun they all revolve in a counter-clockwise direction). All the planets have orbital planes that are inclined by less than 6 degrees with respect to each other (i.e. all in the same plane- ecliptic). Terrestrial planets are dense, rocky and small, while Jovian planets are gaseous and large.
Summarizing: • Read article: Formation of the Solar System (2 pages) • Answer the 2 questions at the end of the reading • Then answer the questions from yesterday. • What events and materials were necessary to form our solar system? • How do planets differ from one another and why?
