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Methods of Neuroscience. Lesson 2. Studying the Brain & Behavior. Anatomy & behavior Damage behavior changes Structural differences behavior Activity & behavior Behavior record activity Change activity behavior? Correlation vs experimentation causality ~.
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Methods of Neuroscience Lesson 2
Studying the Brain & Behavior • Anatomy & behavior • Damage behavior changes • Structural differences behavior • Activity & behavior • Behavior record activity • Change activity behavior? • Correlation vs experimentation • causality ~
Brain Damage & Behavior • Correlate damage behavioral change • Clinical Neuropsychology • Broca’s aphasia • Experimental ablation • Lesion brain behavior change? • Lashley & the engram • Problems: variability • location of damage • spared behaviors/abilities • multiple areas & tracts involved • post mortem ~
Anatomy & Behavior: Modern Techniques • Noninvasive • Computerized axial tomography • CAT (CT) scan • x-rays of brain • Low resolution • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • higher resolution than CAT • spinning H atoms radio waves ~
Tracing & Labeling • Stains, radio-isotopes • Amino acids, antibodies, etc. • Tracing connections • Via axonal transport • Antero- & retrograde • Labeling structures • Receptors, genes, etc. ~
Normal Brain Differences • Sexual dimorphism • corpus callosum • hypothalamus • Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus - SDN ~
Brain Activity & Behavior • Record activity during behavior • EEG • electroencephalograph • reads electrical activity of brain
PET Scans • Positron Emission Tomography • metabolic activity • radioactive 2-deoxyglucose • Disadvantages • spatial/temporal resolution ~
fMRI • Functional MRI • detects increases in oxygen use • Advantages • anatomy & activity • High resolution spatial & temporal • Disadvantages • Difficulty interpretingactivity level ~
Electrical Stimulation of Brain (ESB) • Change activity change behavior? • Fritz & Hitzig • Olds & Milner • neurosurgery • Advantage • experimental • Disadvantage • invasive • ESB during Neurosurgery • Map function • minimize loss ~
Experimental Psychopharmacology • Chemically change activity • learn about drugs • or use drugs to learn about brain & behavior • Block dopamine receptor • movement effects? • learning effects? • Combine with behavioral tests ~
Behavioral Psychopharmacology • Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine • effects on learning?
Cellular imaging • Radioactive labeling • similar idea to PET • Cellular changes during learning • role of Ca++ ions ~
Genetic Techniques • Knock-out Mice • Genes • change microanatomy • alter function • Disable gene no protein • receptor, enzyme, etc • evaluate effect on behavior • Obesity • Alcoholism ~