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Methods of Neuroscience

Methods of Neuroscience. Lesson 2. Studying the Brain & Behavior. Anatomy & behavior Damage  behavior changes Structural differences  behavior Activity & behavior Behavior  record activity Change activity  behavior? Correlation vs experimentation causality ~.

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Methods of Neuroscience

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  1. Methods of Neuroscience Lesson 2

  2. Studying the Brain & Behavior • Anatomy & behavior • Damage  behavior changes • Structural differences  behavior • Activity & behavior • Behavior  record activity • Change activity  behavior? • Correlation vs experimentation • causality ~

  3. Brain Damage & Behavior • Correlate damage  behavioral change • Clinical Neuropsychology • Broca’s aphasia • Experimental ablation • Lesion brain  behavior change? • Lashley & the engram • Problems: variability • location of damage • spared behaviors/abilities • multiple areas & tracts involved • post mortem ~

  4. Anatomy & Behavior: Modern Techniques • Noninvasive • Computerized axial tomography • CAT (CT) scan • x-rays of brain • Low resolution • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • higher resolution than CAT • spinning H atoms radio waves ~

  5. Tracing & Labeling • Stains, radio-isotopes • Amino acids, antibodies, etc. • Tracing connections • Via axonal transport • Antero- & retrograde • Labeling structures • Receptors, genes, etc. ~

  6. Normal Brain Differences • Sexual dimorphism • corpus callosum • hypothalamus • Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus - SDN ~

  7. Brain Activity & Behavior • Record activity during behavior • EEG • electroencephalograph • reads electrical activity of brain

  8. PET Scans • Positron Emission Tomography • metabolic activity • radioactive 2-deoxyglucose • Disadvantages • spatial/temporal resolution ~

  9. fMRI • Functional MRI • detects increases in oxygen use • Advantages • anatomy & activity • High resolution spatial & temporal • Disadvantages • Difficulty interpretingactivity level ~

  10. Electrical Stimulation of Brain (ESB) • Change activity  change behavior? • Fritz & Hitzig • Olds & Milner • neurosurgery • Advantage • experimental • Disadvantage • invasive • ESB during Neurosurgery • Map function • minimize loss ~

  11. Experimental Psychopharmacology • Chemically change activity • learn about drugs • or use drugs to learn about brain & behavior • Block dopamine receptor • movement effects? • learning effects? • Combine with behavioral tests ~

  12. Behavioral Psychopharmacology • Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine • effects on learning?

  13. Cellular imaging • Radioactive labeling • similar idea to PET • Cellular changes during learning • role of Ca++ ions ~

  14. Genetic Techniques • Knock-out Mice • Genes • change microanatomy • alter function • Disable gene  no protein • receptor, enzyme, etc • evaluate effect on behavior • Obesity • Alcoholism ~

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