Parallel S ession Country Case Study on Colombia Carolina Tobón , Mónica Sanz

1. Parallel Session • Country Case Study on Colombia • Carolina Tobón, MónicaSanz • 30th of May 2013

2. CONTENT • Introduction • Methodology & limitations • Findings • Mainactors • Enablingenvironment • Barriers • Barrierson KCD • Whois/shouldtakethe lead on KCD • LessonsLearned • Propositions

3. COLOMBIA IN SOUTH AMERICA Source: Google, 2013 Map Link Tele Atlas

4. BACKGROUND • Average specific runoff 63 L/s-km2 : • six times the world’s (10 L/s-km2) • three times Latin America and the Caribbean’s (21 L/s-km2) • High spatial and climatic variability • Population not uniformly distributed • Water supply for 80% of municipalities from small water sources with limited hydrological regulation capacity and storage • 44% population is vulnerable with respect to water availability

5. SURFACE WATER AREA

6. Themainwateruserisagriculturewith 54% in year 2008. Waterlosses at 50%. • 75% of populationisurban • Environmentaldegradation 3,7% GDP • Waterdeterioration 1% GDP • Bothgreatlyaffect 37% of populationbelowpoverty line • Behindon RTD

7. METHODOLOGY & LIMITATIONS • Literaturesearch • A focusgrouponApril 26 at the Dutch Embassywith 13 strategicactors(except INCODER) • An in-depth interview toformer UN head of Environment’sAffairs in NY • Reseachers’ knowlegdeon Colombia

8. MAIN ACTORS IN THE WATER SECTOR Ministries dealing with the water sector in Colombia CARS CARS Source: (Antea Group, 2012)

9. Responsibilities are separate: MADS forwateronecosystems, onimplementing IWRM- MVDT forwatersupply and sanitation- MA with INCODER forirrigation- CARs and municipalitiesforall- • Thecoreactors in thewater sector are ministries, regional environmentalauthorities, municipalities, regional politicalpower (Governorships), NGOs, IDEAM institute, INCODER institute and donors. • The role of the Dutch Embassy has beenessentialon IWRM

10. NGOs: • Mainlargeonesonconservation • Local • Private sector: • French onwastewater • Switzerlandon CP • TheNetherlands • Academia • IsolatedgoodprogramsUnivalle, Pereira, Uandes, Nacional

11. ENABLING ? ENVIRONMENT • Decentralization implemented but showing limitations • Waterlegislationisabundantbutdoesnotexplainhowtoprioritizewater uses, notcomprehensive and integrated • KCD legislationis non-existent • IWRM policyisbeingimplementedsince 2010 • WATER recentlydesignedto be themainenvironmental axis • Cross-cuttingpoliciesonlandplanning are olderthanwater’s • Policiesforsmallusers are absent

12. BARRIERS • Cultural and informal rules runcounterclockwise • Landissuesrepresentthestatus quo forpowerfulinterests • Thereisoverlapping of zonal planning and environmentalpolicies • Politicalinterestsprevailtochooseprojects • Lack of soundprofessionals • Low local awarenessonwaterissues

13. BARRIERS ON KCD • Existing formal programslackqualitystandards • No policyexists • Mostpowerfulactors do not show intereston KCD • Thebudgetaryallocationisnegligible and consideredanoperativecost • Lack of leadershipon KCD

14. Whoisorshouldtakethe lead? • Theministry of Environmentison IWRM BUTthe IDEAM instituteshould be empowered and responsibleforcoordinatingallministriesonwaterissues, ongatheringwaterinformation and on KCD. ( InvitingactorslikeMinistry of Education, ASOCARS, Academia, INCODER, COLCIENCIAS, CARS, municipalities, NGOs, and civil ortradeassociations). • Needforcommonvision and strongleadership

15. WITHOUT VISION WITH VISION

16. LESSONS LEARNED • Abundantlegislationisnot a warrantyfortheimplementation of policies • Sound KCD isspeciallyneeded at the local levels • A policyon KCD isneededestablishingalliances Academia-Authorities • Long termsupport in thepolicyimplementationtoallactorsis a must and rarelyobtained

17. PROPOSITIONS • Toincorporate KCD intoSDGs • Todesign KCD policies • Supportingsoundacademicprogramswhichmustalsosupportlocal KCD –actionresearch- • Establishingmandatory KCD programs at CARs (academia and practitioners) • Enhancing informal KCD strategiesfromNGOsfor civil and tradeassociations • Supporting training ontechnicalAND social skills (facilitation) forofficers • Tiedto a KCD financing global strategy

18. PROPOSITIONS • A balancingactforeffectivepolicyimplementation • Enhancing local water and KCD programsevaluatingthem at thelevel of basincouncils – voiceless and academia beingpart • Supportingparticipative & empoweringapproaches-respondingtoimpending local waterchallenges and needsfromcommunities • Torestrict total autonomy of CARs (modifyingboard of directors)

19. INTERNATIONAL ACTORS FORMAL STRATEGIES REGIONAL NATIONAL KCD LOCAL INFORMAL STRATEGIES

20. Purpose of 5th Symposium Thankyouforyourattention. Carolina Tobón, MónicaSanz INPRESC InstituteforInclusion, Prevention andSolvingConflicts carolinatobon@gmail.com monicasnz@gmail.com

21. “Doctora Gloria Lucía, we have lived through a 30 year conflict which we realize we have not understood yet. Please, teach us how to disentangle our critical situation; we are people that did not have educational opportunities…..” Tanner talking to the new head of the environmental authority (March, 2004).