Ms. Highsmith U.S. History

1. SSUSH1European Settlement of North AmericaThere will be a great deal of information listed in these slides as we discover the stories of our past. Use effective note taking skills.Write down main ideas and details.Write legibly so you can re-read them later.Color code or use a highlighter. Ms. Highsmith U.S. History Ms. Highsmith 2014-2015

2. Georgia Performance Standard Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

3. Virginia’s Development • First permanent English colony in North America Jamestown, Virginia 1607 • It was a business venture of the Virginia Company of London, an English firm that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold and other valuable natural resources and then ship the resources back to England. • The colony suffered from a lack of leadership and profitable enterprises which resulted in starvation and near failure of the colony. • In order to induce Englishmen to come to the Virginia Colony, the company instituted a series of changes that helped the colony grow. The company’s monopoly on land was lessened which allowed the colonists to acquire land for themselves. English common law was imposed and eventually a measure of self-government was allowed. At this point, more women and families began to come to come to Virginia. Image: www.poyskygenealogy.com Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

4. Tobacco Changes Virginia • There was no gold in the Jamestown colony, but John Rolf successfully cross-bred native strains of tobacco with West Indian tobacco. • Tobacco quickly became a major cash crop and an important source of wealth in Virginia. • Tobacco cultivation was labor-intensive. People known as indentured servants were sent from England to work for the Virginia Company. Indentured servants worked for a land owner in exchange for their passage to the New World in hopes of eventually claiming their own land. More tobacco cultivation required more indentured servants. Tensions began to develop over the continual need to supply land to newly freed indentured servants. • African slaves were introduced to the Virginia Colony in 1619. Eventually, plantation owners came to rely on African slaves as a more profitable and renewable source of labor. As a result, Virginia’s colonial economy became highly dependent on slavery. etc.usf.edu Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

5. House of Burgesses • The Virginia Company created a legislative assembly that was similar to England’s Parliament, called the House of Burgess. First legislature in the New World. The representatives were appointed by the company’s governor and elected by land-owning males of Virginia. Laws were subject to approval of the governor and the London Board of Directors, but it was the first self-government in the colonies. • What do you see could be a problem here? • *Note: not all colonist owned land, therefore they were not ______________ en.wikipedia.org Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

6. Bacon’s Rebellion • SO! • Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt of former indentured servants. They wanted tougher consequences against Native Americans who attacked outlying settlements. • Bacon’s Rebellion was put down. • However, what it did do was… • Further weaken the indentured servant system and strengthen the reliance on slavery. www.boundless.com Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

7. Relations with Native Americans • Relations between the colonists and Native Americans in Virginia went from bad to worse! • At the time of Jamestown’s founding, there was a strong confederacy of Native American tribes led by Powhatan. Colonist were weary of trading, but eventually a trade relationship did develop. • As the colony began to expand, especially because now tobacco was being grown, Native Americans are increasingly in conflict with the colony. After several attempts to drive the colonists out, many Native Americans fled the region and sought new places to live. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

8. Settlement of New England • Calvinist in England (including Pilgrims and Puritans) are facing persecution for their desire to reform the Anglican Church and their opposition to the increasing power of the English monarchy. Using their influence, power, and wealth, the Puritan leaders were able to gain the majority of shares in a trading company. • Using the trade company as a front, the Puritan leadership moved the headquarters of the London Company of Plymouth to Massachusetts. Afterwards, many Puritan families immigrated to escape persecution. Thus, the New England Colonies were established by Pilgrims at Plymouth and the Puritans settled around present-day Boston. • As in Virginia, colonists had some trouble acclimating to their new environment and suffered substantial losses in the early years. www.u-s-history.com Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

9. Relations with Native Americans • Initially, the relations between the Native Americans and the colonists on the coast were good. Each side engaged in profitable trade. However, as the English colony grew, do did the tensions between English and Native American tribal groups. • King Phillip, or Metacom, was the regional leader of the Native Americans. The conflict originated as the Puritan community spread out from Boston and took more and more Native American land. King Phillip’s War 1675-1676 • Also, some tribe members had converted to Christianity. This disrupted things traditionally, socially, politically, and culturally within the tribes. • Many colonist died in war, but there was a heavy loss of life for Native Americans also. • As a result, large areas of southern New England were opened to English settlements. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

10. King Phillips War www.bio.umass.edu Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

11. Establishment of Town Meetings • Puritans held tight control! They ran town meetings focused on politics and social structures. • Guess who could vote? Yep, voting righters were limited to men who belonged to the church, and church membership was tightly controlled by the minsters and congregations. Towns were run as direct democracies with each member having a direct role in the administration of the government. • Massachusetts colonial charter provided for a broader form of government: governor, deputy governor, council of assistants, general court of shareholders (aka freeman), that would create law. • Now, contrary to the charter the Council of Assistants had taken over a lot of the political power. • In 1634, the freeman demanded that the charter be followed exactly. The result was a more representative government. Notes 2014-2015 U.S. History

12. Puritans, Politics, and Power • Participation in the political process was becoming a problem. More children are being born in America. Puritan leaders thought that many of those born in American lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with God. This covenant is at the center of Puritanism. • Since church membership was a requirement for voting, Puritan ministers encouraged “Half-Way Covenant” to allow partial church membership for children and grandchildren of the original Puritans. • As a result, these “half-way” church members were allowed to participate in the government of the colony. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

13. Puritans Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

14. Opposition of Puritan Rule • Puritans were not very tolerant of others, mainly because of their strict religious beliefs. Often those who disagreed with the Puritans found themselves banished from the colony. • For example: Roger Williams • Roger worked with other folks to create Rhode Island. A As a result, Rhode Island would become known as a more tolerant colony. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

15. More Opposition to Puritan Rule • 1660, English monarchy was restored to power. The Crown decided to assert control over the semi-independent Massachusetts. • In 1686, the British King Charles II canceled the Massachusetts charter. To get more trade with the colonies, James II (who followed Charles II as king) combined British colonies throughout New England into a single territory, the Dominion of New England. • King James II appointed his own governor, Sir Edmund Andros. The reformed colonial structure governed as a royal colony. • The colonist DID NOT LIKE THIS! No centralized authority and overthrew the royal governor. • Events in England led to the dissolution of the Dominion of New England, but Massachusetts remained a royal colony. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

16. More Opposition to the PuritansSalem Witch Trials • Political turmoil! • 1692 – infamous Salem Witch Trials • The incident began when 3 girls, ill with symptoms including convulsions and “fits”, accused several local residents of using witchcraft to cause the illness. • The accusations spread! Led to over 150 Massachuesttes colonist being accused of witchcraft. Of the 150 accused, 29 were convicted. 19 were hanged. At least 6 more died in prison! • Contributing causes to the Salem Witch Trials: • Extreme religious faiths • Stress from growing populations • Deteriorating relations with the Native Americans • Narrow opportunities for women and girls in Puritan society. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

17. Salem Witch Trials sheg.stanford.edu Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

18. Development of the Mid Atlantic Colonies – New York • Dutch founded New Amsterdam in 1614. • Present day New York, Connecticut, New Jersey • Founded by private money making venture • Colony was profitable • Noted for its diverse population and tolerance • As a result of winning the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1664, the British seized control of the colony. The region was divided with the largest portion renamed New York. Dutch colonist remained in the new England colony. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

19. Development of the Mid-Atlantic Colonies - Pennsylvania • 1681 – King Charles II granted William Penn a land charter as a re-payment of a loan made by Penn’s father to the king. • The land charter was Pennsylvania. • Penn created a colony that was a refuge for English Quakers who face persecution for their beliefs in Great Britain and in the English colonies of North America. • Penn’s philosophy of religious tolerance attracted other immigrants such as Germans and Scots- Irish. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

20. French - Quebec • French explorers sought a northwest passage around North America for a shorter trade route to Asian markets. • Failure to find a route led the French to establish a trading post to acquire the area’s valuable natural resources and export them to Europe. • Quebec was the first permanent French settlement in North America. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

21. 13 Colonies 7thperiodworldhistory.wikispaces.com425 colonialthirdgrade.wikispaces.com Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

22. Location, Location, LocationThe Southern Colonies • Rich soil in the coastal regions and along the river valleys. • In addition to good soil, a long growing year meant that southern farmers could often produce 2 crops each year. • Deep rivers and the distance of the Fall Line from the coast meant that inland farmers were able to ship tobacco, indigo, corn, and rice directly from their farms to European markets. • The economic development reflected the geological line. North of the Fall Line tended to be populated by subsistence family farms. These farms produced enough for people to live on along with a cash crop that could be used to barter for trade of goods such as salt, gunpowder, lead, and iron tools. • South of the Fall Line, commercial farms developed and grew labor intensive cash crops like rice, tobacco, and indigo. As a result, slave labor was more common south of the Fall Line while less common north of the same line. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

23. Location, Location, LocationThe Middle Colonies • Harbor and river systems shaped the Middle Colonies development. The Hudson and Delaware Rivers provided a highway for the interior. • Furs from Native Americans were transported toward the coast and exchanged for European goods (such as iron, tools, firearms). • Later rivers were used to ship wheat and other agricultural goods to markets in other colonies and Europe. Export and import took place. • Harbors in cities such as Philadelphia and New York allowed the Middle Colonies to grow into major commercial hums for all the British American colonies. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

24. Location, Location, LocationNew England Colonies • Poor, thin, rocky soil and a short growing season made farming difficult. • However, plentiful forests and proximity to the sea led New Englanders towards a ship building industry. • Fishing, whaling, and commercial trade from harbors such as Boston became important economic engines for the region. • New Englanders became the merchants of the colonies and New England- based ships were the carriers of the colonial goods in the Trans-Atlantic trade. Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015

25. Check out these websites! • http://www.virtualjamestown.org/page2.html • http://preservationvirginia.org/visit/property-detail/bacons-castle-bacons-rebellion Ms. Highsmith NHHS 2014-2015