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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Spring 2009 FINAL. Endocrine Glands. Pituitary gland Pineal gland Adrenal glands Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus gland Pancreas Gonads Hypothalamus. Osteomalacia. Lack of __________ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue to _________

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System Spring 2009 FINAL

  2. Endocrine Glands • Pituitary gland • Pineal gland • Adrenal glands • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid gland • Thymus gland • Pancreas • Gonads • Hypothalamus

  3. Osteomalacia • Lack of __________ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue to _________ • Caused by ___________ of fats • If it occurs after growth plate closure it is called ________

  4. Osteomalacia Demonstrates as osteopenia on x-ray. Appears similar to osteoporosis Except for the presence of bands Of radiolucency within the bone

  5. Paget’s Disease X-ray of affected bones show Cortical thickening with a coarse Thickened trabecular pattern Often called “cotton wool” Appearance Mixed areas of radiolucency & radiopaque areas

  6. Paget’s Disease • _______________ disorder of unknown cause • Has two stages: • ________________ • ________________ • Fairly common in elderly • Affects men twice as frequently as women

  7. Pituitary Gland Disorders

  8. Acromegaly X-ray demonstrates an enlarged sella Turcica and changes in the skull Obliterates diploe found between inner & outer tables of the cortical bone

  9. Acromegaly • _____________ disorder caused by a disturbance of the __________ gland • Primarily affects skeletal system • Have a prominent forehead & jaw, widened teeth, abnormally large hands, coarsening of facial features

  10. Hypopituitarism • Decreased levels of pituitary hormones • Most common cause is pituitary infarction • Caused by ischemic pituitary necrosis, postpartum hemorrhage, shock, sickle cell disease, meningitis, shock, syphilis, and head trauma • CT, MRI and angiography can be used for radiographic evaluation

  11. Hypopituitarism • _______ stature with protruding abdomen • _____________ hair • Coarse facial features with wide-set eyes, broad nose and _____________ tongue

  12. Adrenal Gland Disorders

  13. Cushing’s Syndrome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxSAhLyKVqw

  14. Cushing’s Syndrome • Have a “_________” face with excess fat deposits in neck and trunk • Skin is _______ and does not heal well • CT and MRI demonstrates pituitary adenomas

  15. Addison’s Syndrome

  16. Addison’s Syndrome

  17. Pancreatic Disorders

  18. Pancreas Anatomy

  19. Diabetes Mellitus • Syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is combination with glucose intolerance • Alteration is metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

  20. Type 1 • Produce little to no ____________________ • Symptoms • Increase ____________, excessive thirsty & increase in appetite • Treatment

  21. Type 2 • Inadequate secretion of insulin • More common in women than men • Treatment is similar to DM 1

  22. Thyroid and Parathryroid Gland Disorders

  23. Thyroid Anatomy

  24. Hyperthyroidism

  25. Hyperthyroidism • _____________ disorder • Thyroid gland secretes excess amounts of ____ • Enlarged ____________ and ____________ eyes • Hyper and nervous • Treatment includes:

  26. Hypothyroidism • ___________ deficiency • Commonly seen in PT’s with Hashimoto’s syndrome • May be caused by _________ insufficiency • Symptoms: • ____________________ • hot & cold intolerance • ____________________ • weight gain 5. Treatment:

  27. Thyroid Cancers

  28. Parathyroid Glands

  29. Hyperparathyroidism X-ray demonstrates osteopenia, especially in the diaphyses of the phalanges and clavicles Pathologic fractures may exist as a consequence of the softened bony matrix

  30. Hyperparathyroidism

  31. Nephrocalcinosis Tiny deposits of calcium dispersed through renal parenchyma Can be seen on an IVU and plain radiographs

  32. Radiography • Useful in diagnosing some disorders • Metabolic diseases of the skeletal system • Cushing's’ • Decrease in CA in osteomalacia & osteoporosis • Disorders of pituitary gland • Changes in sella turcica • Acromegaly

  33. Bone Mineral Densitometry • Determines mineral and calcium content in bone • Can assist in the diagnosis of • Osteoporosis • Osteomalacia

  34. MRI • Useful in evaluating pituitary disorders • Pituitary adenomas • Presence of progress • With Gadolinium • Microadenomas

  35. CT • Useful in diagnosis and follow-up of pituitary disorders • Pineal gland • Neoplastic diseases of thyroid , adrenal glands & parathyroid glands • Enlargement of adrenal glands • Biopsies frequently performed under CT

  36. Nuclear Medicine • Diagnosing thyroid function • Detecting nonpalpable nodules • Evaluate remaining thyroid tissue • After surgical resection or ablation • Localize medullary tumors of adrenal glands • Using radioisotopes to treat this tumor of the medullary portion of the adrenal glands

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