Friday, January 25 at 2:30 p.m. Piper’s Pub

1. “Glory and Honor to you, who Drive the Pigs with their Long Snouts out of our Garden”:Left-Wing Immigrants Confront McCarthyism Friday, January 25 at 2:30 p.m. Piper’s Pub Join students and faculty for an informal discussion over a drink. Dr Zecker will introduce his latest research project; that will be followed by questions and (we hope) a lively debate about his theoretical approach and sources. This will be of interest to all thesis/advanced major students in History and everyone is welcome.

2. Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations ‘Empire, in the modern period, was the product of European power; its reward was power or the sense of power.’ What else is going on by the 19C: the Building of Global Empires

3. Imperial Motives, unmasked Economic motives: trade raw materials markets Political motives: geopolitical and military diffuse internal tensions Cultural justification: missionary campaigns the ‘civilizing’ mission

4. Trade: instigator and cultural influence and in your tea….

5. Sugar A. a matter of taste B. for some classes, energy (moved from daytime to electrical clock) C. Important commodity for the nation • London Stock Exchange

6. Other examples of raw materials Formosa (Taiwan): geopolitical raw materials • Indigenous peoples • Chinese from 12C; 17C influx • Manchu then Qing rule • Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, British • Japan (1895) Camphor: medicinal (soap) celluloid (valuable, by 1870s) • new scramble for China, 1870s

7. Markets: ‘what are little girls made of?’Charles II m. Catherine of Braganza, 1661

8. Mughal India: the ‘rot within’ • dispersed and ‘not always loyal’ provinces • by 17C: most of territory (with land revenue) sarkar local lords, warriors and tributary chiefs demand for goods and services from EIC, VOC • how: military diplomacy subterfuge accommodation

9. Power in South Asia: 18C • Mughal Empire • Princely States • Europeans (Dutch, Portuguese, English and French) • Bengal: Englishmen and Indians worked for the EIC and their • own profit, under the protection of the company • Mughal power was disintegrating • local nawabs had established stable rule • hemmed in by the Marathas to the south • from 1744 British at Madras and French in Pondicherry • tried to exploit rivalries to their own end • 20 years of warfare ended in 1765 with British success • British became the new Nawabs HOW?

10. In Bengal: • nawabs attempted to drive increasingly powerful EIC out but unsuccessful: the Battle of Plasseyin 1757 • Clive impeached – made at least ₤400 000 in a personal fortune • Mughals ceded financial administration or diwani of Bengal and Bihar in 1765 • expansion to 1765 presented as exceptional; further expansion was forbidden • for next forty years the gap between official understandings and reality on the ground enormous [how could this be?] • trade central, and especially country trade

11. south-central Indian state – Nizam Mughal subsidiary enemy of Tipu Sultan (French) English help in return for: money promise to keep army at the ready European arms, officers and training ‘Resident’ to deal with outside politics emasculated: indebted lost political power agricultural revolution Hyderabad: Empire by indirect rulePhilip Meadows Taylor ‘Confessions of a Thug’

12. Britain in China desire to push trade balance: resulted in War (Opium War (1839-42) five open ports and extraterritoriality further destabilized the country strengthened reactionary powers series of rebellions ‘Empire by accident’: liberal government reform groups

13. The Ottoman Empire, 1800-1914 • peak expansion in late 17C • retreat: a. internal turmoil b. external factors a. internally: Sultan, ulema,Janissary corps in Empire: regional power/Nationalism imports, corruption, misuse of tax revenues b. externally: European advances in technology and strategy the Great Game: British support Ottomans only to avoid possible Russian expansion British government pushes ‘extraterritorial status’ c. results: territorial losses in Caucasus, central Asia, Balkans, Egypt linking of Islam to nationalism/supra-national identities

14. The Capitulations and Reforms • Ottoman economy increasingly relies on foreign loans • by 1882 forced to accept foreign administration of debts • Capitulations: agreements that exempted Europeans from Ottoman law • early attempts at reform • the Tanzimat era • the Young Turks era

15. Conclusions Ironically, as Britain is defining the legal, financial and philosophical/intellectual/cultural apparatus to become a liberal democracy it is also becoming the world’s largest Empire fancy footwork to make that work