MICROSOFT ACCESS QUERIES: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WHERE CLAUSE AND THE HAVING CLAUSE
Within the framework of using Ms Access queries, the HAVING clause can only be used with the GROUP BY type SQL statement which is also referred as the Groups and Totals query. The HAVING keyword when not used with the GROUP BY statement acts as a standard WHERE clause. The HAVING clause specifies a condition that is similar to the purpose of a WHERE clause when applying criteria but the two clauses are not interchangeable. Ms Access The key difference between these two keywords is down to one keyword; Aggregation! Ms Access Queries: Difference Between The Where Clause And the Having Clause The WHERE clause specifies the criteria which individual records must meet to be selected by the query. It can be used with or without the GROUP BY clause. However, the HAVING clause cannot be used without the GROUP BY clause. Also, the WHERE clause selects rows before it applies any grouping where as the HAVING keyword selects rows after grouping takes place. The WHERE clause cannot contain any aggregate functions but the HAVING keyword can contain aggregate functions like Sum, Count, Avg etc. 34 Edgwarebury Lane,Edgware,Middlesex,HA88LW,UK
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