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2. Fig. 4-2, p. 87

3. Fig. 4-1, p. 86

7. Fig. 4-18, p. 106

8. Summary of summationA neuron is likely to receive both temporal and spatial summation at the same time. The response of the neuron to this input (whether an action potential or not) depends on the type of neurotransmitters (stimulatory or inhibitory). Membrane potential time

9. Neuronal pool--group of interacting neurons D A B C E Inhibitory neuron H G J K L If A ->E fires repetitively, with the result that the inhibitory neuron output sums temporally on G-> L, action pot. will stop at J.

10. Normal CNS function depends on regulation of neurotransmitter function and on action potentialssynthesis-->release--> binding--> destruction--> uptake of chemical constituents--> synthesis Action potential

11. Addictionsubstances (alcohol, drugs), activities (gambling, exercise, sex), people, etc.Activation of reward centercontinual usage leads to reduction in dopamine receptors

12. Some possible effects of drugs/alcohol1.Transporter for dopamine blocked by cocaine and opiates, but also opiates stimulate endorphins2. Amphetamines release of dopamine3.Alcohol  release of glutamate, endorphins, serotonin, and GABA plus affects membranes4.nicotine  release of dopamine

13. Neurotransmitters implicated in all CNS diseasesParkinson’s disease--dopamineSchizophrenia-- norepinephrinedepression, bipolar, etc.

14. Reflexes--rapid response systemsSimple Spinal cord Afferent sensory Muscle spindle Motor neuron