American Imperialism

1. American Imperialism How the United States Became a World Power

2. Imperialism: The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, cultural and/or military control over weaker nations.

3. Territorial Expansion • 1867 Purchase of Alaska • 1867 Secured the rights to Midway Island • 1893 Overthrow Queen Liliuokalani in Hawaii • 1898 Spanish-American War • 1898 Annexation of Hawaii • 1899 Open Door Policy in China • 1904 Construction of the Panama Canal began • 1904 Issuance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • 1910s Mexican Revolution

4. Why? • Commercial /Business Interests • Economic motives, Panic of 1893 • Military or Strategic Interests • Religious or Missionary Interests • Ideas of Social Darwinism • Closing of the American Frontier • Global Competition • Nationalism • Belief in political and cultural superiority

5. Imperialism and the Balance of Power

8. US established the Western Hemisphere “off-limits” with the Monroe Doctrine of 1923

11. Moral Duty

12. The White Man's Burden By Rudyard Kipling McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb. 1899). • Take up the White Man's burden-- • Send forth the best ye breed-- • Go, bind your sons to exile • To serve your captives' need;

14. In the back of the classroom students representing California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Alaska are quietly reading. In the front row are boys representing the Philippines, Porto (sic) Rico, Cuba, and Hawai'i looking as if they would rather not be there.

15. Hawaii • Descendants of New England Missionaries to Hawaii in the 1820s greatly influenced native monarchs and their policies. • Hawaii became a protectorate of the US in1849 by virtue of economic treaties • In 1893, a successful revolt led by a white minority (sugar plantation owners) with the help of 150 US Marines resulted in the removal of the native monarch, Queen Liliuokalani. • Cleveland refused to annex the island, but McKinley did not share his reluctance. • Hawaii, annexed in 1898 by joint resolution of Congress, was used as a naval deposit during the Spanish American War.

16. Queen Lydia Liliuokalani Sanford Ballard Dole

19. Remember the Maine

20. Spanish American War • Newspaper wars • Jan - USS Maine was ordered to Havana harbor 15 Feb - USS Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor • 19-20 Apr - War was declared against Spain • "a splendid little war" • Of 274,000 men, 5,462 died (362 in battle) and 1,604 were wounded

21. Yellow Journalism Josef Pulitzer (New York World ) William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal )

22. Cartoon. Spanish Ape hunkers over grave of USS Maine sailors. (1898).

23. THE HEADLINES: • Cuban Babes Prey to Famine • Thousands of Children of the • Reconcentrados Perishing in Island • Towns • Sights that Sicken Strong Men • THE HEADLINES: • Does Our Flag Shield Women? • Refined Young Women • Stripped and Searched by • Brutal Spaniars While Under • Our Flag on the Ollivette

25. Rough Riders

26. Results of the War • Cuba becomes a protectorate (US exercises political/economic influence)by Platt Amendment • Puerto Rico becomes a commonwealth (part of the U.S—but with control over local elections/economy) • Guam is annexed and controlled by U.S. • The Philippines are ceded to the U.S. for $20,000,000.00 • The U.S. gains an empire

27. "THE FILIPINO'S FIRST BATH.""McKinley -- 'Oh, you dirty boy!'"Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, June 10, 1899 [artist: Grant Hamilton]

28. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo,First Leader of the Philippines

29. Philippine-American WarFirst War for Humanity • 1899-1901 • Revolt led by Emilio Aguinaldo against US rule • 3 years • Casualties • Americans—4,234 dead; 2,800 wounded • Filipinos—18,000 killed; 20,000 famine • Cost--$400 million

30. Post War Philippines

31. "SPEAKING FROM EXPERIENCE. (Through Professor Marconi's wireless telegraphy)" "AMERICAN INDIAN (to Filipino) -- 'Be Good, or you will be dead!'"Judge, Arkell Publishing Company, New York, circa 1899 [artist: Victor Gillam]

32. Japan • Captain Alfred T. Mahan, cautioned that the Pacific could “be entered and controlled only by a vigorous contest” • Japan had effectively closed its doors to outsiders, and it restricted foreign ships to a small part of Nagasaki • Admiral Matthew Perry steamed into Japan and demanded a treaty • The Japanese reluctantly agreed to trade with the U.S.

33. Japan Abe Masahiro, head of the Roju (governing council) under Shogun Ieyoshi Toda Izu, governor of Uraga Alfred Thayer Mahan

36. Open Door Policy • China had a weak central government in 1900 • Japan and several European nations had carved China into spheres of influence • Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic dispatches to these nations, asking that they guarantee two things: • All nations given equal trading rights in China • Chinese territorial integrity (the country could not be carved up among the powerful nations of the world) John Hay

38. Boxer Rebellion Chinese Reaction: • Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900 • Secret martial arts group—Boxers “righteous • harmonious fists” • This nativist group attacked foreigners, Chinese • Christians, and gov’t officials • A multinational military force of Great Britain, Russia, France, Japan and the US, put down the • Foreign nations forced China to pay $300 million for damages suffered • China forced to allow foreign soldiers to remain • Americans used most of payments to give scholarships to Chinese studying in America • China would not be recognized as a sovereign state until after World War II. A "Boxer" in 1900

39. Cartoon. "The New Diplomacy." Theodore Roosevelt bowls over Caribbean and Central American nations with his Indian clubs. (c. 1903).

40. A history of U.S. intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares Latin America to be in the United States "sphere of influence." 1846: The U.S. provokes war with Mexico and acquires half of its territory, including Texas and California. 1855: U.S. adventurer William Walker invades Nicaragua with a private army, declares himself president, and rules for 2 years. 1898: The U.S. declares war on Spain and as a result annexes Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Hawaii.

41. A history of U.S. intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean • 1901 : With the Platt Amendment, the U.S. declares its unilateral right to intervene in Cuban affairs. • 1903: The U.S. encourages Panama's independence from Colombia in order to acquire the Panama Canal rights. • 1905: The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares the U.S. to be the policeman of the Caribbean; the Dominican Republic is placed under a customs receivership. • 1912 : U.S. Marines invade Nicaragua and occupy the country almost continuously until 1933. • 1914: Mexican refusal to salute the U.S. flag provokes the shelling of Veracruz by a U.S. battleship and the seizure of parts of the city by U.S. Marines.

43. Panama Canal

44. Cartoon. Theodore Roosevelt behind big cannon stares down a small sombrero'd Columbia. (1903).

45. Mexican Revolution • The Mexican Revolution was brought by disagreement among the Mexican people over the dictatorship of President Porfirio Diaz • Francisco I. Madero believed that President Diaz should renounce his power and not seek re-election • Madero's call for an uprising on November 20th, 1910, marked the beginning of the Mexican Revolution

46. Mexican Revolution • In March of 1911, Emiliano Zapata led the uprising of the peasants of Morelos to claim their rights over local land and water • Diaz then resigned as President and fled to exile in France, where he died in 1915 • With the collapse of the Diaz regime, the Mexican Congress called for national popular elections, which resulted in the victory of Francisco I. Madero as President

47. Mexican Revolution • Victoriano Hueta seized control of Mexico and put Madero in prison where he was murdered • Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Hueta • The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country • Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico

48. Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa Victoriano Huerta Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero Venustiano Carranza