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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution. Lecture~ I Chapter 14 (452-466) Objective~ Identify & discuss the causes & consequences of the S.R. including important figures & their contributions to science. The S. R. The Renaissance & Reformation paved the way for S.R. Attack on tradition/skepticism

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution Lecture~ I Chapter 14 (452-466) Objective~ Identify & discuss the causes & consequences of the S.R. including important figures & their contributions to science.

  2. The S. R. • The Renaissance & Reformation paved the way for S.R. • Attack on tradition/skepticism • Rational – reason things out, think about EVERYTHING!!! • Secular outlook • Progress – get knowledge through progress • European interest in tech. (competition & warfare) • New instruments & devices = new discoveries • Printing press, telescope, thermometer, barometer, microscope, etc

  3. Before the S.R… • Knowledge was based on superstition/belief not on fact or reason • Geocentric theory (earth centered) • Aristotle’s theories of the heavens Ptolemaic Model

  4. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) • Polish priest/astronomer • Book~ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) • Challenged Geocentric theory (Ptolemaic/Aristotelian) of universe w/ his heliocentric theory (sun centered) • Explained planetary movement w/ math

  5. Tyco Brahe (1546–1601) • Danish astronomer • Rejected Copernican view • Suggested that Mercury & Venus revolved around the sun, • Moon, sun, & other planets revolve around the earth • Big w/ astronomy, helped others

  6. Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) • German astronomer, Brahe’s assistant • Advocated Copernican view • 1st to actually portrayed the motion of the planets as elliptical not circular, • The New Astronomy

  7. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) • Italian mathematician • Concept of universe based on mathematical laws • 1st person to use telescope • proved the heliocentric theory • Disproved Aristotle • Threatened the churches authority • Put on trial (house arrest) • forced to keep the truth hidden

  8. Isaac Newton (1642–1727) • Used reason to discover Laws of Gravity, Laws of Motion, and calculus (England) • all physical objects in the universe move through mutual attraction (gravity); explained planetary orbits (mathematically) • Principia Mathematica (1687) • Science & religion are compatible (mutually supporting)

  9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of experimentation (empiricism) England • Looked to the future not the past • Search for own/new knowledge • knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human condition • Scientific method- use reason and observation to prove things

  10. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Discourse on Method (1637) • Invented geometry • Most important contribution~ deduction • -reasoning from general principal to arrive at specific facts • Two categories • body and mind

  11. Political Thoughts… • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan (1651) - people are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. • Social contract ~ People must give up their rights to be controlled • Absolute Monarch • John Locke • Two Treatises of Government (1690) – govs. power comes from consent of the people. • Natural rights: right to life, liberty, and property. • Greatly impacted the U.S. • Democracy

  12. Focus Questions What were the causes and consequences of the Scientific Revolution? Who were the main contributors to the scientific revolution and why are they important?

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