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On a mid-term

Geographic features: How shaped human settle within the continent btwn continent and elsewhere? bodies of water surrounding Name: major state/empire in 3 areas distinguishing feature Know: 3 major religions in continent when Europeans hit in 1500. On a mid-term.

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On a mid-term

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  1. Geographic features: How shaped human settle within the continent btwn continent and elsewhere? bodies of water surrounding Name: major state/empire in 3 areas distinguishing feature Know: 3 major religions in continent when Europeans hit in 1500 On a mid-term

  2. Faith and Society in the Arabian Peninsula, and beyond Had been: • polytheistic • religious practice related to trade and commerce • reinforced a social/economic hierarchy anthropomorphic view • Islam an affront in each case ‘Seal of the prophets’ the Ka’aba • Islam as culmination and correction of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity • inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts • surrender, submission to the will of God

  3. The Five Pillars of Islam • No god but Allah; Muhammad is His prophet • Daily prayer • Fasting during Ramadan • Charity • Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Jihad “struggle” • against vice • against ignorance of Islam Islamic Law: sharia “holy war” based on: Quran hadith logic ritual law related to all areas of human activity

  4. Masjid Al-Haram • can hold approximately 900,000 people inside • another 1,200,000 can be in the outside construction area • the greater area of the masjid can hold 4,000,000 people during Hajj season • the current building project (pictured above) is expected to be completed in 2020

  5. The expansion of Islam, 632-733 ce • The Caliph • no clear to successor identified • Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph • war against those who abandon faith Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) Shia The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Sunni Abu al-Abbas jizya Dar al-Islam

  6. Changing Status of Women • complex, but overall • Quran improved status of women • outlawed female infanticide • legally, women had rights and privileges (for example to divorce her husband) – but those rights might be difficult to pursue • yet, religion exists against a cultural backdrop • patrilineal descent • polygamy permitted (not inherently bad) • FGC permitted • veil adopted • these are not ‘Islamic’ practices – some adopted from Christian communities…

  7. Early societies in South Asia: Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2600 B.C.E.

  8. National Museum of India, Delhi est. 1949

  9. Only in India?

  10. Geography: cultures of region history of region contact overland Indian Ocean by 1300, well-established trade from Asia to Persian Gulf, through the Red Sea, Mediterranean The South Asian sub-continent: rich, diverse, and ever-challenging (just don’t call it India)

  11. Religion and Culture – syncretic tradition Hindu faith • shruti - links to Vedic teaching & oldest Dravidian culture upanishads (sitting in front of) • smirti - popular based on composition of epics from older oral traditions • Mahabharata • Ramayana • Vishnu and the BhagavadGita “Song of the Lord” c. 400 CE 6C BCE reformations • Jainism – based on upanishads concern for all living beings • Buddhism – teachings of Siddhartha Gautama 7C CE • Islam and then later, Sikhism

  12. Purusha Mouth brahmins Arms kshatryas (warriors) Thighs vaishya (commoners) twice born __________________________________ once born Feet shudras (servants) Jati(birth) caste – relative purity Varnas (class) Rig Veda 10.90

  13. Becoming a caste society • evidence of varnas in Rigvega hymns c.1000BCE • dharmashatra describes birth groups or jatis →also exist clans that trace to common ancestor →sreni or guilds denote religious or commercial group →janapadas denotes connections based on place or community [literally where clans placed their feet] results in 1000s of varna

  14. Ashramas: stages of life only twice born ♂ need apply hmm, so sacred power not inherent in all … Student brahmacharya ♀ married Householder grihastha Forest dweller vanaprastha Renouncer sannyasa ** see the movie Fire (dir. Deepa Mehta)

  15. Shiva, Chola period Tat tvamasi

  16. Overall of note:** do this for the mid-term ** The geography, topography of the society: • how has that impacted its development and structure, its homogeneity or multi-ethnicity • how has that shaped relations between it and other groups The overall organization of the society: • model of leadership • social structure • what positions/roles are valued in society गणेश The philosophic/spiritual principles of the society: unique similarities

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