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V. Translating the Tenses

V. Translating the Tenses. As we learned earlier, the Tense of a verb tells us both (1) when an action was done and also (2) whether it was completed.

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V. Translating the Tenses

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  1. V. Translating the Tenses As we learned earlier, the Tense of a verb tells us both (1) when an action was done and also (2) whether it was completed. Latin indicates when an action was done and whether it was completed by using different Tense Markers, changing the verb stem, endings, or both. In Latin, each of the six tenses signifies a particular relationship between the time an action took place and its completeness. In English, we indicate both of these by the use of Helping Verbs. Therefore, in order to translate a Latin verb correctly, we must learn which Helping Verbs in English correspond to the different Tenses in Latin.

  2. V. Translating the Tenses:Summary The following lists the Helping Verbs we use to translate each Tense: 1. Present – Simple Present; “am/are/is ---ing”. 2. Imperfect – “was/were ---ing”; “used to ---”. 3. Future – “will ---”. 4. Perfect – Simple Past: “---ed”; “has/have ---ed”. 5. Pluperfect – “had ---ed”. 6. Future Perfect – “will have ---ed”.

  3. V. Translating the Tenses:Summary TenseTimeCompleted or Ongoing 1. Present Present Ongoing 2. Imperfect Past Ongoing 3. Future Future Ongoing 4. Perfect Past Completed 5. Pluperfect Past Completed before the Perfect 6. Future Future Completed Perfect

  4. V. Translating the Tenses:1. The Present Tense The Present Tense is used for an action that takes place in the present that is not yet completed. It can be translated using the simple meaning of the verb by itself (Simple Present), or using the Helping Verb “To Be” with –ing added to the end of the verb (Present Progressive). Exempla: Simple Present, Present Progressive (to be ---ing) Amamus – We love, we are loving Habes – You have, you are having Ducunt – They lead, they are leading Capio – I take, I am taking Auditis – You (pl) hear, you are hearing

  5. V. Translating the Tenses:1. The Present Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibis = 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquit = 3. oro, orāre: Oramus = 4. iacio, iacere: Iacio = 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidetis = 6. munio, munīre: Muniunt =

  6. V. Translating the Tenses:1. The Present Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibis = You drink, you are drinking 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquit = He leaves, he is leaving 3. oro, orāre: Oramus = We pray, we are praying 4. iacio, iacere: Iacio = You throw, you are throwing 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidetis = You (pl) envy, you are envying 6. munio, munīre: Muniunt = They fortify, they are fortifying

  7. V. Translating the Tenses:2. The Imperfect Tense The Imperfect Tense is used for an action that takes place in the past but is not yet completed. It can be translated in three ways: 1. “was/were ---ing” 2. “used to ---” 3. “kept on ---ing” The Helping Verb “was/were” (to be, past tense) is the most common. Exempla: Amabamus – We were loving, we used to love Habebas – You were having, you used to have Ducebant – They were leading, they used to lead Capiebam – I was taking, I used to take Audiebatis – You (pl) were hearing, you used to hear

  8. V. Translating the Tenses:2. The Imperfect Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibebas = 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquebat = 3. oro, orāre: Orabamus = 4. iacio, iacere: Iaciebam = 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidebatis = 6. munio, munīre: Muniebant =

  9. V. Translating the Tenses:2. The Imperfect Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibebas = You were drinking 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquebat = He was leaving 3. oro, orāre: Orabamus = We were praying 4. iacio, iacere: Iaciebam = You were throwing 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidebatis = You (pl) were envying 6. munio, munīre: Muniebant = They were fortifying

  10. V. Translating the Tenses:3. The Future Tense The Future Tense is used for an action that takes place in the Future that is not yet completed. It is translated using the Helping Verbs “will” or “shall”. Exempla: Amabimus – We will love Habebis – You will have Ducent – They will lead Capiam – I will take Audietis – You (pl) will hear

  11. V. Translating the Tenses:3. The Future Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibes = 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquet = 3. oro, orāre: Orabimus = 4. iacio, iacere: Iaciam = 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidebitis = 6. munio, munīre: Munient =

  12. V. Translating the Tenses:3. The Future Tense Exempla: 1. bibo, bibere: Bibes = You will drink 2. relinquo, relinquere: Relinquet = You will leave 3. oro, orāre: Orabimus = We will pray 4. iacio, iacere: Iaciam = I will throw 5. invideo, invidēre: Invidebitis = You (pl) will envy 6. munio, munīre: Munient = You will fortify

  13. V. Translating the Tenses:4. The Perfect Tense The Perfect Tense is used for an action that takes place in the past that has been completed (compare the Imperfect, past but not completed). It can be translated using the simple meaning of the verb ending in –ed (Simple Past) or the Helping Verb “have”. Exempla: Simple Past, Present Perfect (To have) Amavimus – We loved, we have loved Habuisti – You had, you have had Duxerunt – They led, they have led Cepi – I took, I have taken Audivistis – You (pl) heard, you have heard

  14. V. Translating the Tenses:4. The Perfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascendisti = 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erravi = 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Iecimus = 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserunt = 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecidistis = 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectavit =

  15. V. Translating the Tenses:4. The Perfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascendisti = You climbed, you have climbed 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erravi = I wandered, I have wandered 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Iecimus = We threw, we have thrown 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserunt = They remained, they have remained 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecidistis = You (pl) fell, you (pl) have fallen 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectavit = He watched, he has watched

  16. V. Translating the Tenses:5. The Pluperfect Tense The Pluperfect Tense is used for an action that takes place in the past that has been completed before the action of another past tense verb (either Imperfect or Perfect). It is translated using the Helping Verb “had”. Exempla: Amaveramus – We had loved loved Habueras – You had had Duxerant – They had led Ceperam – I had taken Audiveratis – You (pl) had heard

  17. V. Translating the Tenses:5. The Pluperfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascenderas = 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erraveram = 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Ieceramus = 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserant = 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecideratis = 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectaverat =

  18. V. Translating the Tenses:5. The Pluperfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascenderas = You had climbed 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erraveram = I had wandered 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Ieceramus = We had thrown 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserant = They had remained 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecideratis =You (pl) had fallen 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectaverat = He had watched

  19. V. Translating the Tenses:6. The Future Perfect Tense The Future Perfect Tense is used for an action that takes place in the Future that has been completed before the action of another Future Tense verb. It is translated using Helping Verb “will have” Exempla: Amaverimus – We will have loved Habueris – You will have had Duxerint – They will have led Cepero – I will have taken Audiveritis – You will have heard

  20. V. Translating the Tenses:6. The Future Perfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascenderis = 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erravero = 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Iecerimus = 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserint = 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecideritis = 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectaverit =

  21. V. Translating the Tenses:6. The Future Perfect Tense 1. ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascensum: Ascenderis = You will have climbed 2. errō, errāre, errāvī, errātum: Erravero = I will have wandered 3. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum: Iecerimus = We will have thrown 4. maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum: Manserint = They will have remained 5. cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum: Cecideritis =You (pl) will have fallen 6. spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātum: Spectaverit = He will have watched

  22. V. Translating the Tenses:Summary 1. Present – Simple Present; “am/are/is ---ing”. 2. Imperfect – “was/were ---ing”; “used to ---”. 3. Future – “will ---”. 4. Perfect – Simple Past: “---ed”; “has/have ---ed”. 5. Pluperfect – “had ---ed”. 6. Future Perfect – “will have ---ed”.

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