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Components of Blood: Discovery, Typing and Forensic Applications

Explore the discovery of blood types, the process of blood typing, and the usage of blood as evidence in forensic investigations. Understand the importance of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in identifying blood types. Study the ABO blood grouping system and the role of antigens and antibodies in determining blood types. Learn about the Rh factor and how it determines positive or negative blood.

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Components of Blood: Discovery, Typing and Forensic Applications

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  1. 3/30/15Aim: How can we describe the components of blood? Do Now:1-how was blood typing discovered? 2- Who used it in forensics first? 3-is blood individual or class evidence? EXPLAIN HW: Read Chapter 11, read pages 306-308 page 329 – 330 questions 2,5,6

  2. Discovery of human blood type • 1901 Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be divided into different categories • (A, B, AB, and O)

  3. Leone Lattes 1887-1954 Lattes that was intrigued and thought that these groupings could be used for identification purposes. He devised a procedure which determined the blood group of a dried bloodstain that it could be checked against potential suspects

  4. A. Serology • Serology – the study of bodily fluids. • Blood is the most common bodily fluid found at crime scenes. Study of blood is hematology How much blood do we have in our bodies?

  5. Human body • About 7% of body weight is made up of blood • 5.5 liters about 11.6 pints • 3 liters of that is plasma

  6. Parts Of Blood • Plasma • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Platelets Q: Think back to Living Environment. What is the role of each blood part?

  7. 1-Plasma • Made up mostly of water (92%) • Dissolved all water soluble compounds • Glucose, ions, metabolites, alcohol, minerals, proteins, hormones etc

  8. How can we describe plasma? 1. Plasma a. liquid portion of blood. b. 55% of total blood volume. c. 90% water. d. 10% salts, proteins, glucose, amino acids, enzymes, hormones, and cellular wastes

  9. Why are red blood cells important? 2. Red Blood Cells - erythrocytes a. Small donut shaped cells b. Contain hemoglobin (iron) – the red oxygen carrying pigment. c. Mature RBC’s have NO NUCLEUS d. Control blood type = NO DNA!! Why are RBC’s important to investigators?

  10. Structure of Red blood cell NO NUCLEUS Contain the protein hemoglobin Made of 4 polypeptide chains each with a binding site for Iron (Fe) Which creates 4 binding sites for oxygen or Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide Your body makes about 2 million RBC every second

  11. Science fact 5 million RBC’s can fit on the head of a pin, and over 5 trillion RBC’s are present in your body at any given time.

  12. Why are white blood cells important to investigators? 3. White Blood Cells - leukocytes a. Large cells with a nucleus = DNA b. Less numerous than RBC’s. c. Defenders of the body.

  13. Tuesday 3/31/15 • AIM: how is human blood typed? • DO NOW: 1- Take out the homework that was assigned Thursday q 2,5,6 pg 330 • 2- List the 4 parts of blood • 3- Explain how human blood can be both individual and class evidence • 4- which part of the blood is responsible for type? • HOMEWORK: Text page 330 q 3 and 4

  14. Which of the cells have Class or Individual Characteristic? Why? Class Individual Red blood Cells White blood Cells

  15. = Explain which parts of the blood would be most useful to a forensic investigator. Be sure to explain why.

  16. How can we describe Platelets? 4. Platelets - thrombocytes a. Smaller than RBC’s and WBC’s b. blood clotting

  17. Platelets: clot damaged blood vessels

  18. How is blood used as evidence? B. Blood in Forensics Blood samples – Analyzed to determine BLOOD TYPE and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects. Blood droplets – Analyzed to give clues to the location of a WOUND, movement of a VICTIM, and type of INJURY. Blood spatter – Analyzed to determine PATTERNS that give clues to how a crime happened. Serology covers all of these

  19. What do we know about blood types and blood typing?

  20. ABO blood grouping system According to the ABO blood typing system there are four different kinds of blood types: A, B, AB or O (null).

  21. Blood group 0If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma. What are the different blood groups? • The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. • The antigens are located on the surface of the RBCs and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. • Individuals have different types and combinations of these molecules.   • The blood group you belong to depends on what you have inherited from your parents.

  22. How is blood type determined? RBC’s are covered by protein molecules called Antigens. The antigens determine the blood type.

  23. Antibody • Defend against foreign antigens • Float in the plasma

  24. Rh factor: rheusus factor • Separate gene • If you have it you are Rh + and you make the protein • If you don’t have it you are Rh – and you don’t make the protein

  25. Do Now: Describe why red blood cells are forensically important. 2. Explain how human blood type is determined 3- list the 4 blood types HW:QUIZ tomorrow Aim: How is blood type determined?

  26. Rh factor: rheusis factor • Named after the rheusis monkey • Determines positive or negative blood • If you have the gene you express the protein and have + blood • If you don’t have the gene you are Rh – • This becomes a problem at child birth • If mom + blood mixes with babies – blood the baby could die

  27. Ryan the rheusus monkey

  28. Rh Factor • Rh is another antigen found on RBC’s. • If the Rh antigen is present the persons blood type is considered positive, if absent the person is negative. Ex. O+ or AB- In 1940, Landsteiner and Weiner reported the discovery of the Rh factor by studying the blood of the Rhesus monkey. 85 percent of Caucasians, 94 percent of Black Americans, and 99 percent of all Asians are Rh positive.

  29. ABO and Rh blood type frequencies • O-positive: 38 percent. • O-negative: 7 percent. • A-positive: 34 percent. • A-negative: 6 percent. • B-positive: 9 percent. • B-negative: 2 percent. • AB-positive: 3 percent. • AB-negative: 1 percent.

  30. Blood typing vocabulary • Antigen – Protein marker found on Red Blood Cell. ID’s the cell. (ex. – if a cell has the A antigen, then it is a type A blood cell). • Antibody – Found in blood plasma and used by body to fight off harmful substances. Anti-A or Anti-B – if body has B antibody, it will fight ALL cells that have that marker.

  31. Antigen-antibody response • If a foreign antigen enters the body, it is attacked by antibodies • Causes agglutination: blood clotting

  32. Blood Types http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html

  33. Universal Donor – TYPE O, can give blood to anyone. Universal Receiver – TYPE AB,can receive blood from anyone. - Which would you rather be?? Who is the Universal Donor/Receiver?

  34. Illustration of the forward and reverse grouping reaction patterns of the ABO groups using a blood group tile http://www.bh.rmit.edu.au/mls/subjects/abo/resources/genetics1.htm

  35. Human RBC before (left) and after (right) adding serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BloodGroups.html When RBCs carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is, clump together. People usually have antibodies against those red cell antigens that they lack.

  36. Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your RBCs and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your RBCs and A antibodies in your blood plasma. AB0 blood grouping system

  37. Blood type A Has A antigens, and B antibodies.

  38. Blood type B Has B antigens and A antibodies

  39. Blood group O If you belong to the blood group O (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your RBCs but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma. Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your RBCs and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.

  40. Blood Type ABHas both antigens (A + B) and neither antibodies.

  41. Blood Type O Has neither antigen and both antibodies A and B

  42. Blood typing activity • In order to complete the activity we need to learn a little vocab… • Antigen – Protein marker found on Red Blood Cell. ID’s the cell. (ex. – if a cell has the A antigen, then it is a type A blood cell). • Antibody – Found in blood plasma and used by body to fight off harmful substances. Anti-A or Anti-B – if body has B antibody, it will fight ALL cells that have that marker. Using this info, figure out which blood types can be safely transfused.

  43. Monday 4/13/15 • AIM: how are blood transfusions determined? • DO NOW: 1-What is the universal receiver and why? • 2- What is the universal donor and why? • HOMEWORK: Text read page 317. answer the following: • 1-How do you package and store blood evidence? • 2- Who is Dr. Sam Sheppard and what was his crime?

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