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Basic Nutrition for Livestock. John Hibma , PAS Tri-State SARE Project May 18, 2018. Basic Nutrition for Livestock. Major Components of Nutrition Energy Protein Vitamins Minerals Water. Basic Nutrition for Livestock. Formulating Diets Concentrates--By-products--Forages
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Basic Nutrition for Livestock John Hibma, PAS Tri-State SARE Project May 18, 2018
Basic Nutrition for Livestock Major Components of Nutrition Energy Protein Vitamins Minerals Water
Basic Nutrition for Livestock Formulating Diets Concentrates--By-products--Forages Nutrient Composition of Feedstuffs Feedstuff Evaluation Forage Testing Feed Quality Factors affecting feed consumption
Energy Our livestock can do nothing without Energy Energy is the most limiting nutrient in our animals’ diets….and the most complicated to balance for.
Energy What is Energy? An abstract concept that’s difficult to quantify. “the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity” “the ability to do work”
Energy The broadest definition of energy as it relates to animal nutrition is: “Power needed to create something”. …heat and cellular metabolism… You can’t buy a bag of energy…… Energy must be created
Energy In animal nutrition: Energy is the engine that makes everything happen. For cells to grow. For muscles to contract. For organs to function. Energy is created by a chemical reaction occurring at the cellular level…… The fuel for this chemical reaction is a combination of oxygen and food molecules---hydrocarbons.
Energy How do we measure energy? Calorie is the basic unit used when formulating diets for energy in livestock diets. Calorie defined: A calorie is the unit of heat needed to raise one ml of water 1 degree C.
Energy A 200 pound body is about 65% water— @130 pounds— @15 gallons— @60,000 ml. Maintaining body temperature at 37 C requires many thousands of calories per day
Energy Large livestock require caloric intakes in the Mega-calories (mcals) Millions of calories Per Day
Energy Primary sources of dietary calories are carbohydrates and fats (lipids) that are synthesized (converted) into glucose (C6-H12-O6) and triglycerides that provide oxygen and carbon for cellular respiration. The exact amount of calories and energy in feedstuffs varies depending on how many and what sort of carbohydrates are in them.
Energy Most common sources of energy and calories are: Sugars, Starch, Cellulose, Fat (C-O-H) Carbohydrates vary in their potential to produce calories in the diet. All feedstuffs have varying levels of carbs. e.g,. Ground Corn = 75% Starch. Grass Hay = 60% Cellulose
Energy In monogastrics carbs and fats are broken down in the stomach and then absorbed in the small intestines where they are converted to glucose in the liver. In ruminants carbs (and limited fat) are used by rumen microbes to create VFA…. The glucose circulates in the bloodstream delivering fuel to the cells.
Protein Proteins are the building blocks of cells. Proteins differ from carbohydrates and fats in that they contain Nitrogen. Proteins are large molecules consisting of chains of amino acids. (peptides)
Protein Crude Protein (CP) is a term that describes total Nitrogen in a feedstuff. Kjeldahl Nitrogen Test CP=N*6.25 The average amino acid is 1/16th nitrogen
Protein Proteins are deconstructed in rumen of ruminants by microbes or by enzymes and acids in the monogastrics. The amino acids are then reassembled into proteins, enzymes and hormones. There are about 20 amino acids that make up all proteins.
Protein Proteins are assembled with specific amino acids in a specific order. The absence of an amino acid in the diet means that a particular protein may be in short supply. There are essential amino acids that must be included in the diet and there are non-essential amino acids that are synthesized by the animal.
Protein The over-feeding of protein results in too much nitrogen for the body to metabolize. Excess nitrogen must be eliminated through the kidneys. This wastes energy that could be used for other functions and is costly…critical in nutrient management.
Protein Protein and amino acid nutrition is much more refined (advanced) in monogastrics such as poultry and swine. Delivering specific metabolizable amino acids to ruminants is much more challenging due to the microbial activity in the rumen.
Minerals Necessary in all aspects of metabolism… Minerals are essential for the formation of various body parts—bones, blood, skin, hair. Other metabolic function such as nerves and muscles and for metabolic processes such as digestion and energy metabolism. Macro minerals used in larger amounts Micro minerals used in smaller amounts
Minerals Calcium and Phosphorus for bones and muscles. Potassium and Sodium for cellular function. Magnesium, Copper, Manganese and Zinc for enzymes. Cobalt for Glucose Copper and Iron for blood.
Minerals Enter the body by way of the feedstuffs as well as additives. Inorganic forms---salt, limestone, copper sulfate Organic forms---Zinc-methionine, Selenium-yeast ----increased bio-availability Understand that there are antagonistic aspects between minerals
Vitamins Vitamin A for Enzymes and Hoofs Vitamin D for Calcium metabolism Vitamin E for Immunity (+Selenium) B Vitamins are synthesized in the rumen Needed in very small amounts and easily added to diets
WATER Without water, life would not exist. Water is necessary for all bodily functions. Water must be clean and free of contaminants Never deprive your animals of water!
Formulating Diets All these nutrients must be combined into a feeding program and a diet that satisfies a goal of growth or production or a combination of the two.
Formulating Diets Species specific—Know your animals Understand the dietary requirements including vitamins and minerals Understand the metabolic limitations and challenges…many metabolic diseases, growth and production problems are directly related to poor nutrition
Formulating Diets All animals have different nutritional requirements at different stages of life. Babies require special attention, generally requiring higher protein. Energy and protein requirements increase for growth and conception as well as during lactation.
Formulating Diets Work with a nutritionist/feed store Many products available…. Consult feed libraries for specific nutritional data such as Energy, (NeL, NeG, NeM), Protein, Vitamin, Minerals, Fiber….
Formulating Diets Nutrient requirements remain similar for all species…i.e energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Species digest feedstuffs differently. However they require specific feedstuffs for digestive and metabolic health.
Categories of Feedstuffs Concentrates—finished feeds, etc Grains—corn, barley, wheat By-Products and Co-Products—protein meals, sugar beet pulp, distillers grains, wheat midds Forages—grasses, legumes
Categories of Feedstuffs All feedstuffs contain protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. Some are higher in protein while others provide calories, vitamins or minerals. Each feed should be included in a diet to meet a specific nutritional requirement.
Categories of Feedstuffs Grains—e.g. corn, wheat, barley—generally are high in starch and sugars—good sources of energy Many commodity by-products—e.g. soybean meal, canola, distillers grains—are good sources of protein—as well as energy Forages provide carbs, protein and fiber which is fermented in ruminants
Categories of Feedstuffs Concentrates, by-products, grains and Vit/Min additives all come from a feed mill or feed store. Should always have a “guaranteed analysis”. Provides the nutrition that the forages do not. All well-balanced diets contain a combination of various feedstuffs and additives.
Monogastric diets contain more grains and by-products that are easily digestible… Ruminant diets require a large percentage of forages to maintain proper rumen health. Grass Hay, Legume Hay, Haylage, Baleage, Corn Silage Usually grown locally...and should be tested
Nutrient Evaluation of Feedstuffs It’s critical to know how much of each nutrient is in any feedstuff that’s being considered for a diet. Use a feed laboratory to determine the nutrient content of feeds.
Nutrient Evaluation of Feedstuffs Feed analysis should include: Moisture Energy Protein Fat Fiber Minerals
