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PARTS OF THE LONG BONE

PARTS OF THE LONG BONE. At the end of each long bone is an expanded portion called an epiphysis The epiphysis is what forms a joint with another bone Forming a joint is called articulation The long, skinny part of the long bone is called the diaphysis. PARTS OF THE LONG BONE.

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PARTS OF THE LONG BONE

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  1. PARTS OF THE LONG BONE • At the end of each long bone is an expanded portion called an epiphysis • The epiphysis is what forms a joint with another bone • Forming a joint is called articulation • The long, skinny part of the long bone is called the diaphysis

  2. PARTS OF THE LONG BONE • The outer surface of the articulating portion of the epiphysis is coated with articular cartilage • A tough covering of dense connective tissue called the periosteum completely encloses the bone except for the cartilage on the bone’s ends • The periosteum also helps form and repair bone tissue • A bone’s shape makes the bone’s function possible!

  3. PARTS OF THE LONG BONE • The walls of the diaphysis are mainly composed of tightly packed tissue called compact bone • The walls of the emphysis are composed of spongy bone • Compact bone in the diaphysis form a tube with a hollow chamber called the medullary cavity • A thin layer of cells called the endosteum lines the medullary cavity and a specialized type of soft tissue, called marrow, fills the medullary cavity

  4. Figure 7.1, page 145 of the Online textbook!

  5. DID YOU KNOW??? • Every second, our bone marrow produces two million red blood cells.

  6. BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH • Parts of the skeleton begin to form early in prenatal development, and some continue to grow through adulthood • Bones form by replacing existing connective tissue in two ways: • Intramembranous bones originate between sheet-like layers of connective tissues • Endochondral bones begin as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone • The formation of bone is called ossification

  7. DID YOU KNOW??? • A human bone is as strong as granite in supporting weight. A block of bone the size of a matchbox can support 9 tons—that is 4 times as much as concrete. The strongest bone in our body is the femur, and its hollow!

  8. FETAL X-RAY

  9. HOMEOSTASIS OF BONE TISSUE • After bones form, osteoblasts continue to remodel them throughout life. • There are things that keep homeostasis of bone tissue, including: • Nutrition • Hormonal secretions • Physical exercise

  10. Function of Bone • Bones shape, support, and protect body structures • Bones function to: • Provide support, protection, and movement • Blood cell formation • Storage of inorganic salts

  11. BONE FRACTURES • A fracture is a break in the bone • When a broken bone is exposed to the outside by an opening in the skin it is called a COMPOUND FRACTURE • What happens when a bone breaks? • Blood vessels in the bone rupture • Periosteum is likely to tear • Blood from the broken vessels spreads through the damaged area and forms a blood clot (HEMATOMA)

  12. TYPES OF FRACTURES • There are 6 types of bone fractures • Greenstick fractures • Fissured fractures • Communicated fractures • Transverse fractures • Oblique fractures • Spiral fractures

  13. TYPES OF FRACTURES • Greenstick fractures • Incomplete horizontal break in the bone • Fissure fractures • Incomplete vertical break in the bone

  14. TYPES OF FRACTURES • Communicated fractures • Complete break • Fragmentation of the bone • Transverse fractures • Complete break across the bone • Break happens at a 900 from the bone

  15. TYPES OF FRACTURES • Oblique fractures • Complete break • Break occurs a an angle that is not 900 from the bone • Spiral fractures • Complete break • Caused by excessive twisting of the bone

  16. CRANIAL BONES

  17. FRONTAL BONE • Forms the anterior portion of the skull • Two notches in the top of the orbits allow blood vessels and nerves to access the forehead

  18. PARIETAL BONES • There is one parietal bone on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone • The parietal bones form the sides and top of the skull

  19. OCCIPITAL BONE • The occipital bone forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium • There is a large opening in the lower surface where nerve fibers from the brain enter the vertebral column to join with the spinal cord

  20. TEMPORAL BONES • The temporal bones form the sides and base of the cranium • There are tube-like pathways in the temporal bones that lean inwards toward the ears • There are depressions in the temporal bones that connect to the mandible

  21. SUTURES • A suture is an interlocking line or union between bones • Saggital suture—parietal bones • Coronal suture—parietal bone and frontal bone • Lamboid suture—parietal bones and occipital bones • Squamous suture—parietal bones and temporal bones

  22. THE BONES OF THE SKULL • The bones of the skull are broken down into 2 different parts: • Cranial Bones • Frontal Bone • Parietal Bone (2) • Occipital Bone • Temporal Bone (2) • Sphenoid Bone • Ethmoid Bone • Facial Bones • Maxilla (2) • Zygomatic Bone (2) • Palatine Bone (2) • Inferior Nasal Concha (2) • Mandible • Lacrimal (2) • Nasal Bone (2) • Vomer

  23. FACIAL BONES • Facial bones form the basic shape of the face and provide attachments for muscles that move the jaw and control facial expressions

  24. MAXILLA • The maxillae form the upper jaw • They make up the anterior roof of the mouth, the floors of the orbits, and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity • The maxillae also contain sockets for the upper teeth

  25. ZYGOMATIC BONES • Form the prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes • Help to form the lateral walls and floors of the orbits • The zygomatic process joins the temporal process to form the zygomatic arch

  26. NASAL BONES • Long, thin, and nearly rectangular bones • The nasal bones sit side by side and are fused at the midline • They form the bridge of the nose

  27. VOMER • Thin, flat bone located along the midline within the nasal cavity • Joins with the ethmoid bone on the posterior side and together they form the nasal septum

  28. DEVIATED SEPTUM & RHINOPLASTY • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swGyPyBJiZ0

  29. MANDIBLE • Also called the lower jaw bone • Horizontal, horseshoe-shaped bone with a flat, vertical portion projecting upward at each end • Contains hollow sockets for the lower teeth

  30. MIDDLE EAR BONES • Malleus • Incus • Stapes • Pass vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear allow hearing

  31. DID YOU KNOW??? • Humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in their necks.

  32. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • Extends from the skull to the pelvis • Forms the vertical axis of the skeleton • Composed of many bone parts called vertebrae that are separated by masses of cartilage called intervertebral discs

  33. A TYPICAL VERTEBRA • Vertebra in different regions of the vertebral column have special characteristics • They all common features: • Body • Pedicles • Spinous Process • Vertebral Arch • Vertebral Foreamen • Transverse Process

  34. VERTEBRAL FEATURES • All vertebra have a drum-shaped body, which forms the anterior portion of the bone • The longitudinal row of these bodies supports the weight of the head and trunk • The intervertebral discs cushion and soften the forces generated by movement

  35. VERTEBRAL FEATURES • Pedicles project posteriorly from each vertebral body • The 2 short stalks on each side of the vertebra • Spinous Process is the two plates that arise from the pedicles fused together • Together, the pedicles and spinous process form the vertebral arch

  36. VERTEBRAL FEATURES • The vertebral arch and the body surround the vertebral foreamen • The vertebral foreamen is where the spinal cord is located • The transverse process project laterally and posteriorly between the pedicle and the spinous process

  37. VERTEBRAL REGIONS • The vertebral column is divided into 5 regions: • Cervical (7) • Thoracic (12) • Lumbar (5) • Sacrum (1) • Coccyx (1) • There are a total 26 bones in the vertebral column

  38. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE • Seven cervical vertebrae make up the bony axis of the neck. • The spinous process on the second through sixth cervical vertebrae are forked (bifid). • These provide attachments for muscles

  39. ATLAS & AXIS • The first 2 cervical vertebrae have special names: • ATLAS — C1 • AXIS — C2 • The atlas supports the head • Has practically no body, and has a facet that articulates with the dens of the axis • The axis has a dens in the middle of the body area • When the head turns from side to side, the axis pivots around the dens

  40. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

  41. THORACIC VERTEBRAE • The 12 thoracic vertebrae are larger than the cervical vertebrae • The first 10 thoracic vertebrae have costal facets that articulate with the ribs • Starting with T3 and moving downward, the bodies of the vertebrae increase in size to accommodate the increasing loads of body weight

  42. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE • There are 5 lumbar vertebrae are in the small of the back • These vertebrae are adapted with larger and stronger bodies to support more weight than the vertebrae above them

  43. SACRUM • The sacrum is a triangular shaped structure, composed of 5 fused vertebrae, that forms the base of the vertebral column • Holes in the sacrum, sacral foramina, provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels

  44. SACRUM

  45. COCCYX • The coccyx is also called the tail bone • Lowest part of the vertebral column • Composed of 4 fused vertebrae

  46. DID YOU KNOW??? • Adult human bones account for 14% of the body’s total weight.

  47. THORACIC CAGE • The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum • These bones support the pectoral girdle and upper limbs • They protect the organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities, and play a role in breathing

  48. RIBS • The usual number of ribs is 24 • The first 7 pairs are called true ribs • Join the sternum through costal cartilage • The last 5 pairs are called false ribs • The first 3 pairs connect to the seventh true rib with cartilage • The final two pairs of ribs are called floating ribs

  49. RIBS False Ribs Floating Ribs True Ribs

  50. STERNUM • The sternum is also called the breastbone • Located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage • The sternum is divided into 3 parts: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid Process

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