Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development Part 2

Lecture #13 ENVR: E115 12/18/07 Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development Part 2 Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard Extension School

Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development • Poverty Reduction • Participatory Development • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) • Gender and Development _____________________________________ 5. Involuntary Resettlement 6. Indigenous Peoples 7. Social Exclusion 8. Social Analysis

5.Involuntary Resettlement

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where possible • Where population displacement is unavoidable, it should be minimized by exploring all viable project options • People unavoidably displaced should be compensated and assisted, so that their economic and social future would be generally as favorable as it would have been in the absence of the project. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • People affected should be fully consulted on resettlement and compensation options • Existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used to the greatest extent possible, and resettlers should be integrated economically and socially into host communities. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • The absence of a formal legal title to land by some affected groups should not be a bar to compensation; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities • As far as possible, involuntary resettlement should be conceived and executed as an integral part of any project. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • The full costs of resettlement and compensation should be included in the presentation of project costs and benefits. • Costs of resettlement and compensation should be included in the overall financing for the project. Source: ADB, 1998

Preparing Resettlement Cost Estimates and Budget • Resettlement preparation and compensation • Relocation and transfer • Income restoration plans • Administrative costs Source: ADB, 1998

Resettlement in Different Project Types Source: ADB, 1998

Resettlement Plan Outline • Scope of land acquisition and resettlement • Socioeconomic information • Objectives, policy frameworks and entitlements • Consultation and grievance redress • Relocation of housing and settlements • Income restoration strategy

6. Indigenous Peoples

Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples • Descent from population groups present in given area before existence of modern states or territories • Maintenance of cultural, social identities different from mainstream society • Maintenance of distinct institutional or legal framework Source: ADB, 1999

Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples • Self identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct or ancient, cultural group • Linguistic identity different from that of dominant society • Unique ties to traditional habitats and ancestral domain • Living in remote areas Source: ADB, 1999

International Laws and Agreements Concerning the Rights of Indigenous Peoples • The United Nations “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948) • ILO Convention (#107) on Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries (1957) • ILO Convention(#169) on Indigenous Peoples in Independent Countries (1957) • Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations (1992) • Convention on Biodiversity (1992) • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993) • UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1993) Source: ADB, 1999

Indigenous Peoples (IP) Policy • Consistent with the needs and aspirations of affected indigenous peoples • Compatible in substance and structure with affected IPs and with their culture and socioeconomic institutions • Conceived, planned, and implemented with the informed participation of affected communities • Equitable in terms of development efforts and impact • Not imposing the negative effects of development on indigenous peoples without appropriate and acceptable compensation. Source: ADB, 1999

Key Elements in an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan • Preparation, during project design, of a development plan that takes into full account the desires and preferred options of indigenous peoples affected by the project. • Studies to identify potential adverse effects on indigenous peoples to be induced by the project, and to identify measures to avoid, mitigate, or compensate for these adverse effects. • Measures to strengthen capacity (social, legal, and technical) of the government institutions dealing with indigenous peoples. Source: ADB, 1999

Key Elements in an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan • Involvement of appropriate existing institutions, local organizations, and nongovernmental organizations with expertise in matters relating to indigenous peoples. • Consideration in project design of local patterns of cultural belief and ancestral territory, & resource use. • Support for viable and sustainable production systems that are adapted to the needs and local environments and circumstances of indigenous peoples • Avoidance of creating the dependency of indigenous peoples on project entities, and instead promoting self-reliance among these peoples. Source: ADB, 1999

Key Elements in an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan • Capacity building for indigenous peoples communities and organizations to facilitate and support effective participation in development processes. • Adequate lead time and arrangements for extending follow-up, especially in dealings with indigenous peoples in remote or neglected areas where little previous experience is available. Source: ADB, 1999

7. Social Exclusion

Social Exclusion: In 1974, French philosopher Rene Lenoir used this term to refer to a tenth of France’s population who were: “mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged invalids, abused children, substance abusers, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal, asocial persons, and other social misfits”. Source: Amartya Sen(2000): Social Exclusion:Concepts,applications and scrutiny, ADB

Categories of Social Exclusion • Active • Passive Source: Sen, 2000

Forms of Social Exclusion • Rejection of Participation • Credit Market Exclusion • Gender Inequity • Health Care Exclusion Source: Sen, 2000

Global Public Goods • Global public goods (or bads)are the ones that have a fairly universal impact on a large number of countries, people (of all age groups) and even generations(present and future). Put more simply: global public goods tend to compose of national public goods plus an element of international cooperation

8. Social Analyses

Project Classification Based on Social Impact Projects which are expected to have a direct, positive social impact. Ex: Agriculture & Social Infrastructure Sectors CATEGORY A: Projects that rarely have an immediate, direct (positive or negative) social impact. Ex: Energy, Transport, and Industrial Sectors CATEGORY B: Projects which have the potential for direct negative impacts on the lives of many people. Ex: Large dams, highways, mining CATEGORY C: Source: ADB, 1991

Types of Social Assessment • Rapid Social Assessment (RSA) • Social Design Study (SDS) Source: ADB, 1991

Process to Determine the Need for an SDS Source: ADB, 1991

A TYPICAL RSA REPORT FORM Source: ADB, 1991

Objectives of the Social Design Study • Optimize project design by integrating target group preferences and priorities • Develop appropriate project implementation strategies • Provide a detailed social justification for the project • Identify major social risks which may affect project implementation • Provide detailed drafts of any conditions and covenants which need to be attached to report. Source: ADB, 1991

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Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development Part 2