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Flow through Culverts

Flow through Culverts. Flow through Culverts. A short passage way for flow under a highway, railroad or other embankment is referred to as a culvert. Culvert shape may be circular, rectangular, arch or elliptical.

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Flow through Culverts

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  1. Flow through Culverts

  2. Flow through Culverts • A short passage way for flow under a highway, railroad or other embankment is referred to as a culvert. • Culvert shape may be circular, rectangular, arch or elliptical. • Several flow conditions are possible and these conditions depend upon several parameters. • Flow control (upstream or downstream) • Depending upon the head and the tailwater levels, the control may shift from the inlet to the outlet and vice versa as these water levels change.

  3. Flow Capacity • A curve relating the headwater level to the rate of discharge through the culvert is referred to as the rating curve or the performance curve. • For flow capacity determination, pick rating curve that gives lower discharge among inlet and outlet rating curves

  4. Inlet Control • A culvert does not flow full even if the entrance is submerged if the Head at inlet is less than , where is the height of the culvert at the entrance and = the upstream water level – the culvert invert level (Chaudhry, 2008)

  5. Rate of Discharge [Henderson, 1966] • Unsubmerged entrance = Culvert width, coefficient accounts for contraction on the sides. For square edge sides, ; and for slightly rounded sides . • Submerged entrance accounts for contraction at the sides and the top. For square edge entrance, ; and for rounded edges .

  6. Outlet Control • In the outlet control, the culvert either flows full or partially full. is total losses is elevation of the water level (Chaudhry, 2008)

  7. Flow Measurement • Employing the critical flow characteristics, only flow depth is sufficient to estimate rate of discharge. • Flumes: discharge measurement is based on the assumption that critical flow is produced by constricting the width, raising the bottom, or combination of the two. Then the measurement of a single flow depth is sufficient to determine the discharge. • Parshall flume is a commonly used flume (standing wave flumes) (Chaudhry, 2008)

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