The Rise of Totalitarianism

1. The Rise of Totalitarianism • Chapter 13: 1919-1939 Government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of a citizens lives.

2. Roaring 20’s: 1920-1929 Describe the Jazz Age and some reactions to it? rebelliousness • Social Changes after WWI • Jazz : Harlem Renaissance Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington. • Flapper: liberated young women. • Prohibition: 1919-1933/speakeasies • New literature/art: F Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway. Pablo Picasso • Science: Segmund Freud psycho-analysis, Penicillin: used as anti-biotics 1928.

3. Depression 1929-1936 • The Western Democracies Struggle • Britain: Gradual move towards socialism • Irish: Independence 1922 • France: Political divisions & financial scandals. • US: Red Scare 1919-1920 and Isolationism in immigration. What political issues did each of the three democracies face after WWI? How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the relationship of the UK and France? SIgned agreement means nothing without a military backing it up

4. Depression 1929-1936 • Postwar Foreign Policy: • Maginot Line: Security against Germans. • Kellog Briand Pact: pursued disarmament • Falling Demand: earn less buy less / overproduction. • Crash and Collapse: Federal Reserve raised interest rates, people sold stocks and pulled money out of banks. How did the war and its peace treaties affect the international economy? Europe's economy recovered very slowly because of war debt and reparations.

5. Depression 1929-1936 • Solutions: • FDR: New Deal: • Jobs created • Farmers receive aid • Social Security • Stock Market regulated How did the government of the US react to the Depression? (see above)

6. Fascism: a new political movement that emphasized tyrant rule and nationalist policies. • Dictatorial: A ruler or a tyrant • Uniforms • Rallies • Hitler and Mussolini • Nationalism: Promotion of Unity • Common Dress • Chants • Oppressive: • Glorified War, Violence, destruction of books and art, racism.

7. COWS AND STUFF • Feudalism: You have 2 cows, your Lord takes some milk • Pure Communism: You have 2 cows, your neighbors help you take care of them and share the milk. • Applied Communism: You have 2 cows, you have to take care of them but the govt. takes the milk. (SIMILARITIES WITH FASCISM: has intense loyalty to govt., use of terror, and promotion of social change) • Dictatorship: You have 2 cows, the government takes both and shoots you. • Militarism: You have 2 cows, the govt. takes both and drafts you. • Fascism: You have 2 cows, the govt. takes both, hire you to take care of them and sells you the milk. • Capitalism: You have 2 cows, you sell one and buy a bull.

8. “El Dulce” • 1) When he was a student, he stabbed another student and was expelled. • 2) His full title was `His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Dulce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire', but he also held the rank of First Martial of the Empire.  • 3) He loved eating raw garlic, despite suffering from a painful stomach ulcer, and believed it was the elixir of life. • 4) While he was instrumental in the formation of the Fascist ideology and was politically allied with Nazi Germany he is said to have disliked Hitler immensely.  • 5) He is also said to have had many Jewish friends and to have been opposed to the Holocaust. He initially favored siding with France against Germany but would seem to have fallen in with the wrong crowd. • 6) He was a journalist • 7) On 29 April 1945, the bodies of Mussolini, Petacci, and the other executed Fascists were loaded into a moving van and trucked south to Mili. There, at 3:00 am, they were dumped on the ground in the old Piazza Loreto. • 8) Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland with his mistress not his wife • 9) After working briefly as a school teacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an effort to evade military service.  • 10) Motto of the Black Shirts was “menefrego” which means I don’t give a Damn • 10) Like his father he perceived the idea of socialism at an early age and soon after banned from his mother's church. • 8) Mussolini tried to escape to switzerland with his mistress not his wife. • 9) After working briefly as a schoolteacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an effort to evade military service.  • 10) Like his father he perceived the idea of socialism at an early age and soon after banned from his mother's church.

9. Italy: Fascism“El Dulce ” • Benito Mussolini: son of a socialist blacksmith and teacher. • Took control of govt. and organized squads into black shirts to emulate earlier nationalist revolts. • MARCH ON ROME: Marched on Rome in 1922 and took over the govt. • He will transform the govt. and the economy: to a dictatorship upheld by terror, brought economy under state control and altered domestic life. • Kids learned about the glory of Rome, toughened up kids, and made strict rules for them. • Had large public works program: roads, schools, train stations, trees, drainage for marshland to grow wheat, highways. (many unfinished) means supreme ruler Tried for treason shot and hung April 28. 1945

10. Stalin Fun Facts • 1. As a young man, Stalin trained to be a priest but was expelled from the seminary with 20 of his classmates for “revolutionary activities.” • 2. The titles Stalin acquired over his years as dictator included “Father of Nations,” “Brilliant Genius of Humanity,” “Great Architect of Communism,” and “Gardener of Human Happiness.” • 3.The Soviet Union suffered the most casualties during WWII (around 20 million) but lost more people from Stalin’s political purges, famine, and banishment (estimated between 30 and 35 million). The population of the former Soviet Union is actually smaller today than when Stalin took office. • 4.The conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union in WWII became a clash of personalities between Hitler and Stalin. Against the advice of his generals, Hitler insisted on humiliating Stalin by invading the city of Stalingrad. During the invasion, Hitler lost 25% of his army, eventually causing Germany to lose the war. • 5.Stalin’s tenure as dictator was so harsh that when Nikita Khrushchev took over in 1953 he started a policy of “de-Stalinization.” •    6. His only "regular" job was as a meteorologist. •    7. He was a published poet as a young man •    8. He organized bank robberies in Georgia before the revolution •    9. He was known as Sosa in his youth, •    10. He loved movies, his favorite was Volga! Volga!, which was a comedy. He also loved westerns and Charlie Chaplin.

11. Joseph Stalin“The Man of Steel” • Command Economy: govt. officials made all basic economic decisions. • Stalin’s 5 year Plans: high production goals, pushed workers to meet goals by offering bonuses. (1928-1939) factories, power stations, etc. • Standard of living: quality of goods was low and people suffered. and no $. • Collectivization: large farms owned and operated by peasants. Govt. provides: seed, tractors, fertilizer, and modern methods. • Kulaks and Siberia: Many people destroyed farm tools and did not want to give up land, Stalin would not have it and destroyed them. Many resisted by growing enough for themselves and thats it. • STALIN: He controlled all businesses, distributed all resources and made all basic economic decisions. 1878-1953 He will die of a brain hemorrhage

12. Joseph Stalin“Man of Steel” • Stalin’s Terror Tactics: • Terror: no free press, no safe method of voicing an opinion, police spies, sent to Gulag if caught. • The Great Purge: He cracked down on old Bolsheviks as they might threaten Stalin. They were public show trials 1936-1938. (sent to Gulag) • Results of Purge: His power increased, many of the soviets most talented people were killed. • God: tried to make himself a god. Gulag

13. Joseph Stalin“Man of Steel” • Socialist Realism: Artists and writers could ONLY show soviet life in a positive light and promote HOPE. • Opposition: If you did not do what was expected or criticized the state you were imprisoned, tortured, and exiled. • Russification: making a nation more Russian. There were 11 soviet republics during this time and Stalin made sure that they were Russian. • Religion: The communist party tried to destroy people’s faith. Atheism or belief that there is no god became official state policy.(preachers were killed) • Benefits: free communist schools (gave more opportunities for higher education and extra-curricular programs), free medical, and daycare.

14. Adolf HitlerApril 20th 1889-April 30th 1945 • Born in Austria • High school dropout who wanted to be an artist but failed entrance exam • WWI: joined German army, was gassed and wounded • Blamed Jews for loss of WWI • 1923 made first attempt to take over Germany but was sent to prison (just like Mussolini) • Wrote book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlined plan • National Democratic Socialist Party: took over in 1933 • He was inspired by Mussolini and resented the Treaty of Versailles

15. Adolf HitlerWhy did he Rise to power? • Persistence: He stuck with his plan and will become the leader of Germany. • Personal Popularity: The people liked Hitler and supported his new ways which created NATIONALISM. • Political and Economic Instability: Millions of German workers became jobless. • Propaganda: He appealed to the emotions and blamed the Jews for WWI. “Man has become great through struggle. . . whatever goal he has reached is due to his originality plus his brutality . . .(Mein Kampf 1924)

16. Adolf Hitler Fascist Germany Gestapo: rooted out opposition • The Weimar Republic: Post WWI was torn apart by extreme political parties, Versailles Treaty, and runaway inflation. • Third Reich: German master race would rule for 1000 years. • Nazi’s: Their Ideology was based on Anti-Semitism, pride in Germany’s past and revenge for the treaty. He planned to defy the treaty and create jobs and bring Germany back to greatness. • Night of the Broken Glass: Hitler will attack synagogues, and Jewish businesses because a Jew shot and wounded a German in Paris. • How did they stay in Power? The Nazi’s kept power by keeping some of Hitler’s promises and brutally cracking down on dissent. • Why did authoritarian govts. rise up in Eastern Europe after WWI? Economic problems, inexperience in democracy brought them about. Nuremburg laws: deprived Jews of citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them.

17. THE END • QUIZ FRIDAY ON SECTION 3-5 CHAPTER 13.