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Totalitarianism in 20th Century Europe: Rise and Impact

Explore the roots and impacts of totalitarian regimes led by Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco in the 20th century, comparing authoritarian and totalitarian structures and examining key historical events.

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Totalitarianism in 20th Century Europe: Rise and Impact

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  1. The Rise of Totalitarianism Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin Francisco Franco Hideki Tojo

  2. Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism • 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of government rather than to society. • Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually all aspects of the social life. • Including: economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.

  3. Rise of Totalitarianism • Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great War. • Attrition made required total effort • War required all institutions & individuals to subordinate their interests to victory • Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933), Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

  4. Russia • Vladimir Lenin & emergence of USSR • After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks & Lenin had solidified control by 1923. • Lenin died in 1924 Joseph Stalin rose to power in Soviet Russia • Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the individual to the ‘party’.

  5. Stalinism • “Stalinism”- Stalin’s style for the Soviet government • Stalin • Rejected dissent • Stalin = sole interpreter • World wide Communist revolution post-poned • Economic Changes • Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans) • Collectivization of Agriculture • Effective BUT… • Purges • Millions killed • Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

  6. Italy & WWI • WWI leaves Italy with many problems: • Heavy debts • Did not receive the land promised by France & G.B. • Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly in cities.

  7. March on Rome March on Rome:October, 1922 • Coup d'état  Mussolini's National Fascist Party rise to power in Italy • Ousted Prime Minister • King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to Mussolini. • Mussolini widely supported by military, business, & liberal right-wing. • Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

  8. Fascism • Fascism is a combination of many ideas • Corporatism: Power exercised through large organizations (businesses, trade unions) working with each other, directed by the state • Syndicalism: bringing industry & gov’t under control of labor unions • Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress, Anti-Communism in combination with censorship & state propaganda • Ideas of racial superiority

  9. Nationalism, Race &Fascism • Struggle of nation & race fundamental in society • Communists emphasized class struggle • Nations bind people by their ancestry • Nations are natural & good • Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and social problems via ‘national rebirth’ • Celebrates the nation & race above all else, • Cults of unity, strength and purity.

  10. History = class struggle Nations are arbitrary  class should unite the world Global viewpoint Gov’t runs industry Struggle between nations & races Nations are natural thus national pride is emphasized National viewpoint Gov’t has some control over industry CommunismFascism

  11. Germany: Weimar Republic • A parliamentary republic established in 1919. • Faced numerous problems • Hyperinflation • Political extremists • War Reparations • Collapsed in the early 1930s

  12. Adolf Hitler • Austrian-born German • Decorated WWI veteran • Leader of the National Socilaist German Workers Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

  13. Hitler • By 1921 Hitler & Oratory ability • Nazi Party: Centered in Munich • German nationalist movement • S.A. (Sturmabteilung) • Stormtroopers/”brown shirts” • Paramilitary organization • S.S. (Schutzstaffel) • Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler • Gestapo: official secret police of Nazi Germany

  14. Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923 • Failed Coup attempt • Hitler wanted to emulate the March on Rome • November 8th: Declares a new government in a Beer Hall • November 9th –The March Begins • To Bavarian War Ministry • Clash with police and march destroyed

  15. Arrest, Trial, Prison • Hitler arrested for High Treason • Trial • Uses trial as a platform • Gains noteriety & popularity • April 1924 – Sentenced to 5 years • Served less than one year • Mein Kampf: “My Struggle” • Part Autobiography part political rant • Helps spread his ideas.

  16. Depression, Election • By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany • President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election in 1932 • The only one who could defeat Hitler • Wins election • Has difficulty fending off Nazis • 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany

  17. Reichstag Fire • February 1933: Reichstag set on fire • The fire began Hitler’s rise to total power • Reichstag Fire Decree (February ‘33) • Suspends civil liberties. • Enabling Act (March ’33) • Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers. • Hindenburg dies (August ’34) • Hitler declared the office of President vacant • Hitler makes himself head of state or "Führer”

  18. Spanish Civil War • 1936 -1939: It began after a coup bySpanish Army Generals • The war ended with the victory of the rebel forces • Republican gov’t overthrown • Dictatorship established with Franco at its helm.

  19. Guernica • Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by German & Italian war planes.

  20. The Empire of Japan • Rapid industrialization and Militarization emergence as a world power • Leads to membership in the Axis Alliance of WWII • Gained notoriety war crimes against the people within their Empire.

  21. 1931-32 Japan invades Manchuria 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia Germany reintroduces Conscription (violation) 1936 Germany Remilitarized Rhineland Franco revolts against Spainish Gov’t. Tripartate Pact: First Concentration Camps 1937 Japan – full scale invasion of China (Rape of Nanking) 1938 Anschluss: Germany invades/ annex Austria Hitler claims Sudetenland Germany seizes Czechoslovakia 1939 Italy invades/annexes Albania Hitler demands Danzig (Poland) Sept. 1, 1939 Timeline

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