Thomas A. Danjczek President Steel Manufacturers Association April 11, 2011

1. Association for Iron & Steel Technology Pittsburgh Chapter Washington’s Impact on Steel Thomas A. Danjczek President Steel Manufacturers Association April 11, 2011

2. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Outline • SMA • Set The Tone – Washington “Stuff” • US Macro Issues • What Does the U.S. Need To Do • Steel Recent History (Capacity; Demand; Shipments; Imports) • Steel Specific Issues (Trade; Raw Materials; Scrap) • Conclusion

3. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter SMA The Steel Manufacturers Association (SMA) • 35 North American companies: 30 U.S., 3 Canadian, and 2 Mexican • Operate 125 steel recycling plants in North America • Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmakers using recycled steel • EAF steel producers accounted for nearly 2/3 of U.S. production in 2009 • SMA represents approximately 90 million of U.S. 120 million ton capacity (75%) • 128 Associate members - Suppliers of goods and services to the steel industry • Governance – i.e. vast majority

4. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Where SMA Member EAFs are located…

5. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Factors in the 2010 Election • It’s the economy, stupid… • The economy was the number one issue for the American public in 2010—frustrations with high and stagnant unemployment figures, struggling housing markets, and persistently tight credit drove voter sentiment • Dissatisfaction/perception that government is not tackling the right issues • Frustrations augmented by the belief that the government has done more for Wall Street than for Main Street during the current economic crisis • That sentiment, coupled with increasing public concern/skepticism regarding the role of government in the private economy and the growing deficit and long-term national debt, has resulted in a general perception that lawmakers aren’t listening and are overreaching

6. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Big U.S. Gov’t Issues/Priorities • Economy • War in Iraq • War in Afghanistan • Health Care • Deficit Reduction • Size of Government, Government Spending • Homeland Security • Taxes • Financial Oversight • International Trade • Energy and Environment • Transportation and Infrastructure • Labor • Middle East Tensions • Japan Earthquake “Havoc” • Continuing Resolutions – Funding the Government

7. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Economy • While the recession officially ended in June 2009, the sluggish pace of the recovery remains a top concern for both the public and policymakers • In early November, the Federal Reserve announced plans to purchase an additional $600 billion of longer-term Treasury debt over the next eight months to loosen credit conditions in order to speed the economic recovery and boost job creation • Impact of Japanese Earthquake • Impact of Libya oil costs ? ? ?

8. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Deficit • The need for policies to promote economic growth in the short-run is complicated by the need/desire for longer-term austerity measures to address the nation’s deficit and long-term debt • President Obama has signaled that addressing the deficit and long-term debt is an area ripe for compromise with Congressional Republicans • Will the Continuing Resolutions Continue ? ? ? (as of 4/1/11)

9. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter International Trade • Ways and Means Committee Chairman Dave Camp (R-MI) and Trade Subcommittee Chairman Kevin Brady (R-TX) are avowed free-traders • Addressing China’s trade practices • Last Fall, the House passed the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act—Sen. Schumer (D-NY) has pressed for a Senate currency vote, but prospects for action this year are unclear • Last October, U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk announced that the United States has initiated an investigation of China’s practices affecting trade and investment in green technologies—will Congress enter the debate? • More generally, the effect of the Tea Party is unknown—the movement has an anti-government, free market strain, but there is also a populist, anti-Wall Street component and it is unclear how this cuts on any particular issue, particularly trade

10. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Energy & Environment • Vigorous oversight of EPA will be a general theme throughout the 112th Congress • Prospects for comprehensive climate legislation are weak—will see continued Congressional efforts to slow down EPA’s regulation of carbon emissions • Impact of US EPA regulations on power plant emissions • Piecemeal approach to energy policy presents opportunities for cooperation—as demonstrated by bipartisan legislation approved by the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee in the last Congress under Chairman Bingaman (D-NM) • Potential Renewable Energy Standard (RES), but Republicans were likely to push for inclusion of nuclear energy and clean coal technology, a “clean energy standard” • Proposals for increased energy efficiency in industrial facilities and buildings (Home Star) as well as financing for green technologies also on the table, but finding pay-fors will be difficult

11. Infrastructure Spending Good News Early March, Congress passed legislation to extend Federal Highway & Transit Program spending for 7 months Funding through end of current fiscal year at 2009 level Stable Funding – bipartisan effort Bad News Need long term reauthorization bill – NOT A STOPGAP Need improvements Gas tax woefully inadequate AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter

12. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Labor • Pending or planned Democratic labor-related legislative initiatives are very unlikely to move forward in 112th Congress • “Card-check” legislation (Employee Free Choice Act) • Mine safety reform • Legislation to allow all firefighters and police officers to unionize • In fact, legislative efforts moving in the opposite direction have been proposed previously • Anti-card check legislation (Secret Ballot Protection Act) • Campaign finance reforms to regulate use of union dues to support union political activity • Some Democratic priorities can be pursued through administrative efforts of the Department of Labor or the National Labor Relations Board

13. 2012 Election AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • In the House, Democrats hold few competitive districts and need 24 to retake the majority. • In the Senate, Democrats will defend 24 Senate seats (including two Independents) to the Republicans 10. Republicans need four net wins to take control of Senate. • Republicans currently have no clear frontrunner for the presidential nomination. • President Obama’s race to lose.

14. What does the U.S. need to do? AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • Assume a Pro-Manufacturing Agenda • Business Tax Reform • Border Adjustable Taxes • Currency Adjustments • Energy Independence • Reasonable regulatory measures (Environment/Labor) • Climate for investments (Jobs, Jobs, Jobs) and Infrastructure • Solve the structural problems that caused the recession - Real Foundation • Bad loans and securities on bank balance sheets • Reduce huge trade deficits • Policy incrementalism is not sufficient

15. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter China Addressing China’s trade practices • U.S. Senators Sherrod Brown (D-OH) and Olympia Snowe (R-ME) and U.S. Representatives Sander Levin (D-MI), Tim Murphy (R-PA), and Tim Ryan (D-OH) introduced in February 2011 the Currency Reform for Fair Trade Act of 2011. Including Congressmen Levin, Murphy, and Ryan, the House bill was introduced with 101 original sponsors (27 R; 74 D). • Last October, U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk announced that the United States had initiated an investigation of China’s practices affecting trade and investment in green technologies—will Congress enter the debate?

16. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Steel Specific Raw steel capacity utilization may reach 80% in 2011 Source: AISI, First River

17. Auto build & non-res construction expected to recover, but not to previous peak AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter NA Auto Build (Million Units) Non-Res Construction (Million Sq. Feet) Forecast Forecast www.first-river.com Source: CSM Worldwide, FW Dodge

18. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Comments on U.S. Production • Recovery underway, but slow • Increased exports and imports (5mmt of semi’s imports) • Not normal cycle of recession, overcapacity • Relative strong demand in auto; construction lagging

19. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Raw Materials Raw Material Cost and Availability is #1 Issue for U.S. Steel Producers • Many countries continue to impose a variety of restrictions on exports of vital raw materials • Export prohibitions • Export duties • Export quotas • Other measures • Trade-distorting restrictions on exports of raw materials • Give domestic producers in the exporting country an unfair advantage • Increase worldwide costs of production • Place a heavy burden on steel industries in developing countries that do not have substantial iron ore reserves or steel scrap supplies

20. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Raw Materials Meanwhile, Foreign Government Subsidies to Steel and Steel-Related Industries Remain a Particular Concern… • Foreign government subsidies are a major cause of overcapacity in the global steel industry and steel-related industries • Subsidies to steel and steel-related industries that 1) support inefficient and excess capacity and/or 2) distort trade, are continuing and remain a particular concern • Examples include: • Fundamental currency misalignment/undervalued currencies • Preferential financing to add new capacity • Loan forgiveness/equity infusions to prop up obsolete capacity

21. China – Raw Materials AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • The United States, the EU, and Mexico have challenged China’s application of a variety of restrictions to exports of key raw materials used in steelmaking, including: • Coke • Refractory bauxite • Fluorspar • Zinc • The restrictions China applies include: • Export duties • Export quotas • Restrictive bidding procedures

22. China – Raw Materials AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • China has argued that these measures are justified to prevent pollution and to preserve natural resources • China has also claimed a “sovereign right to regulate” its raw material exports • The panel will release its decision this month: • This decision could have a major impact on international trade in raw materials for steelmaking – “Careful what you wish for…” • Many other countries also restrict exports of raw materials, especially steel scrap • USTR is very interested in a potential case regarding China’s restrictions on exports of rare earths and other raw materials

23. Implications AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • If these justifications are accepted, ever scrap producer could legitimately limit exports of steel scrap • This would wreak havoc on the global steel industry • Countries that are heavily dependent on scrap imports would be particularly affected

24. World Scrap Supply and Consumption, By Region Source: World Steel Association

25. AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter Scrap World Demand for Steel Scrap • World demand for steel scrap is likely to continue to increase: • -Increased steel production in China, India, and Brazil • -Economic recovery • But a large number of countries still impose restrictions on exports of scrap and other raw materials • Steel scrap is subject to more export restrictions than any other raw material • There is a significant problem with transparency, because export restrictions change frequently, making supply even more problematic

26. Final Thoughts AIST – Pittsburgh Chapter • Ultimately, the world needs greater total supply of scrap, steel and galvanized products • U.S. is in a traffic jam, moving slightly forward, but don’t know other consequences. Don’t look to Washington, DC for help. • Reasons for optimism in steel in U.S.A. • Scrap-based, 70% of cost – local supply • Low cost on global basis (energy is neutral, labor less than 10%, others have higher transportation costs) • Relatively strong U.S. market and U.S. resiliency • Better U.S. company balance sheets • Comment on Steel Safety Performance & Don Daily AIST-SMA Project