Konstantinos Moustakas National Technical University of Athens

1. Sampling & Analysis of Solid Municipal Waste in Balkan Region: The first Results & their Significance Konstantinos Moustakas National Technical University of Athens School of Chemical EngineeringChemist konmoust@central.ntua.gr www.uest.gr

2. The BALKWASTE Project Main objective of the BALKWASTE Project is to deliver a decision support software in order to: Provide a multidisciplinary (environmental, economic, social) comparison of different waste management technologies Identify how the most appropriate technologies can be implemented within an integrated waste management framework Support competent authorities in developing sustainable waste management strategy

3. The BALKWASTE Project The software will guide the user to formulate and compare alternative integrated waste management scenarios It will be applied and validated in the two case study areas (Razlog and North-East Region) The validation will be performed using actual collected data (sampling results and existing infrastructure)

4. Project Partners • REPA Bacau, Romania • NTUA, Greece • Euroconsultants S.A., Greece • Technical University of Crete, Greece • NGO CSDCS, Bulgaria • EFCon, Romania • Gorenje Surovina, Slovenia • Epta Ltd., Greece (Subcontractor)

5. Municipal waste generated,kg/person Municipal waste treated, % Landfilled IncineratedRecycled Composted EU27 522 42 20 22 17 Belgium 492 4 34 39 23 Bulgaria 468 100 0 0 0 Czech Republic 294 84 13 2 1 Denmark 801 5 53 24 17 Germany 564 1 35 46 18 Estonia 536 64 0 34 2 Ireland 786 64 0 34 2 Greece 448 84 0 14 2 Spain 588 60 10 13 17 France 541 34 36 16 14 Italy 550 46 11 11 33 Cyprus 754 87 0 13 0 Latvia 377 86 0 13 1 Lithuania 400 96 0 2 2 Luxembourg 694 25 47 0 28 Hungary 456 77 9 13 1 Malta 652 93 0 2 5 Netherlands 630 3 38 32 28 Austria 597 13 28 21 38 Poland 322 90 0 6 4 Portugal 472 63 19 8 10 Romania 379 99 0 1 0 Slovenia 441 66 0 34* - Slovakia 309 82 11 2 5 Finland 507 53 12 26 10 Sweden 518 4 47 37 12 United Kingdom 572 57 9 22 12 15

6. SAMPLING ANALYSIS IN ROMANIA & BULGARIA On site sorting analysis & laboratory tests Romania during Dec. 2009 and May 2010 in 6 counties Bulgaria during Nov. 2009 and May 2010 in 1 region (Razlog)

7. Determination of the Sampling Plan Application of the Sampling Plan Preparation of the laboratory samples and taking them to the laboratory Laboratory testing and Reports Main duties

8. to define the Sampling Plan to take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan to transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory. To meet all the requirements of the testing program, 2 sampling plans were prepared, one for Bulgaria and one for Romania. The Sampling Plan provided the sampler with detailed instructions on how sampling should be carried out. The Sampling Plans were completed prior to undertaking any sampling. Sampling Plan

9. It was proposed to make a composite sample for general Sorting Analysis. The composite sample was mixed from the portions taken from each field sample. The composite sample is made from two or more increments/sub-samples mixed together in appropriate proportions, either discretely or continuously (blended composite sample) from which the average value of a desired characteristic may be obtained. Sampling Plan included all the requirements arising from all key steps in the Testing Program such as to identify and agree the proposed sampling design through consultation with involved parties, record the specific instructions for when, where, by whom and how many increments are to be taken and record all safety precautions to protect the sampler. Making the Composite Sample (only in Romania)

10. The sample portions were taken from the field samples by manual sorting of the sample by cloning and quartering. The procedure for that was: Spread the sample on a flat surface coated by an inert sheet in a circular shape; mix it with a shovel and make a cone Divide the sample in four slices Discard two opposite slices and mix thoroughly the remaining part of the sample. Repeat this sequences until the requested quantity of sub-sample is reached. Taking a Sample Portion

11. The composite sample was mixed from the sub-samples (field sample portions) in accordance with the scale of the samples. The quantity of an individual sub-sample was proportionate to the population number in the single region. Mixing the Sample Portions To The Composite Sample

12. SORTING ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY sorting Recyclable fractions after 1st step sorting 2nd step sorting The sample The fractions

13. The samples…

14. The sorting…

15. The fractions after the 1st step sorting recyclable materials a subjective aspect depends on known and common technologies depends on the samplers skills and knowledge common materials (paper, plastic, metals, glass, wood etc.) “clean” – non-contaminated, non-composite Non-recyclable materials combustible (composites: plastic-paper-alu-foil); contaminated, small pieces etc. wood, rubber, mixed plastic … inert and other materials ceramic glass

16. The recyclable materials

17. The rest after 1st step sorting

18. The fractions after the 2nd step sorting Sorting of the rest after the 1st step sorting. Small pieces of (in practice) non- recyclable materials, contaminated with organic waste. common materials paper, plastic, metals, glass, wood only in gross the rest was noticed as biological no method (on site) to determine the biological part of waste and inert (soil, chippings, debris from demolition etc.)

19. Results of 1st step sorting in Romania

20. Results of the 2nd step sorting in Romania

21. Gross results of the waste composition in North – East region in Romania

22. Results in Romania • Area with family houses and block settlements • Random selected containers from households

23. Results in Romania

24. Results of the 1st & 2nd step sorting in Bulgaria

25. Results in Bulgaria • Area with family houses and block settlements • Random selected containers from households

26. Results in Bulgaria

27. Comparison of the sorting analysis in Romania & Bulgaria

28. 2 laboratory samples were taken in Bulgaria, samples number 118a-09/R (MSW–BUL-01) of the rest after sorting mainly biological waste from households, some soil and other inorganic material and laboratory sample number 118b-09/R (MSW-BUL-02), sample of the combustible fraction that is suitable for energy utilization. The sample mainly includes small plastic packaging waste, composite packaging and other combustible waste. The same samples (composite) were also taken in Romania, number 121a-09/R (MSW–RO-01) (rest after sorting) and 121b-09/R (MSW-RO-02) (combustible fraction). The laboratory analyses are very important because depending on the composition of the waste incinerated and the operating conditions, smaller amounts of HCl, HF, HBr, HI, NOx, SO2, PCDD/F, PCBs and heavy metal compounds (among others) are formed. These substances are transferred from the input waste to the flue-gas, fly ash and bottom ash. Laboratory Analyses

31. On-site sampling took place in two specific areas of Bulgaria and Romania. In order to design an efficient and effective waste management system, it is very important to exactly define the composition and quantities of the generated waste. The results of the sorting analyses show that the proper separate collection system is not yet introduced due to the large quantities of the organic fraction (58.3% in Bulgaria and 59.2 % in Romania). A high percentage of C&DW (15.8% in Bulgaria and 8.6% in Romania) can also be found in mixed MW. The recyclable fraction in mixed MW is 29.6% in Romania and 28.3% in Bulgaria and the combustible fraction is 8.3% in Romania and 7.6% in Bulgaria. The results of the sorting analyses in Romania and Bulgaria show similar results, mainly due to the same region, economic development, lack of suitable waste infrastructure and ineffective separate collection systems. Conclusions

32. Effort was made to achieve the high degree of reliability always taking the project budget into consideration.

33. EN Standards and technical reports EN 14899:2006; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan EN 15002:2006; Characterization of waste - Preparation of test portions from the laboratory sample CEN/TR 15310-1:2007; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions CEN/TR 15310-2:2007; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques TP CEN/TR 15310-3:2007; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field

34. EN Standards and technical reports CEN/TR 15310-4:2007; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 4: Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery CEN/TR 15310-5:2007; Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan

35. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !!! For more information check: www.balkwaste.eu Contact: Mr. Konstantinos Moustakas konmoust@central.ntua.gr www.uest.gr The authors would like to thank the LIFE+ Programme of the European Commission for financing the BALKWASTE project