Middle Ages Intro links

1. Middle AgesIntro links Medieval Music C-13th Cent English Dance � Harp The Dark Ages

2. The Middle Ages

3. Middle Ages Called the Middle Ages because it refers to the time between the last of Roman emperors and the beginnings of the modern world (around 1500) Medieval comes from the Latin for �middle age� >> Middle ages began in the wake of Roman collapse Time of societal decay AND religious growth Ruled by people the modern Romans would call barbaric Barbaric term used by ancient Greeks was barbaroy- this referred to anyone whose language they did not understand-these were foreign (German) tribes that were infiltrating the roman empire threatening society Eventually order was restored and the ideals of Rome survived and the Christian church is given credit for this Preserving the Latin language, style of dress and the fact that Rome remained the center of the catholic faith represented loyalty to ancient Rome Christianity molded its organizational structure along the lines of Roman imperial administrationMiddle ages began in the wake of Roman collapse Time of societal decay AND religious growth Ruled by people the modern Romans would call barbaric Barbaric term used by ancient Greeks was barbaroy- this referred to anyone whose language they did not understand-these were foreign (German) tribes that were infiltrating the roman empire threatening society Eventually order was restored and the ideals of Rome survived and the Christian church is given credit for this Preserving the Latin language, style of dress and the fact that Rome remained the center of the catholic faith represented loyalty to ancient Rome Christianity molded its organizational structure along the lines of Roman imperial administration

4. Early Middle Ages500-1000AD AD 476 � last of the western Roman emperors was defeated by invading Germanic tribes Roman system of government and laws had broken down Western Europe was in a state of chaos Also known as the �Dark Ages� cultural and economic deterioration as well as disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire

5. Early Middle Ages Kings had lost authority Britain became controlled by 2 Germanic tribes Angles Saxons Collectively became known as the Anglo-Saxons

8. Early Middle Ages

9. Early Middle Ages

10. Early Middle Ages Another Invasion in Western Europe 732 AD Battle of Tours Frankish army under King Charles Martel (AKA Charles the Hammer) held off invasion by the Muslim Moors who entered from Spain. Moors wanted to expand their empire and import their faith in Mohammad Defeat of the Moors pushed them back into Spain creating a divide between the Christian and Muslim worlds

12. Early Middle Ages Greatest Frankish King Charlemagne (Grandson of Charles Martel) Ruled over western Europe Known for military and political leadership Brought a renewed sense of culture to medieval Europe despite the fact that most of the population, including Charlemagne himself, were illiterate He established schools and encouraged people to learn to read and write Greatest accomplishment was to unite most of western Europe under his rule Empire included most of the old Roman Empire plus some additional territory It became later known as the �Holy Roman Empire� because the Pope Leo III declared Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans (800AD)

13. Early Middle Ages Empire went into decline after Charlemagne�s death and after his grandsons divided the empire among themselves

14. Early Middle Ages Vikings Scandinavian pirates from areas now known as Denmark, Norway, Sweden Fierce warriors who raided towns along the coasts of Europe Eventually settled in England, Ireland, and other parts of Europe This Scandinavian involvement in the affairs of Britain created the emergence of two kingdoms of newly unified territories, England and Scotland.

15. Vikings

16. Life in the Middle Ages Life in the Middle Ages Feudalism Based on the ownership of land Began to see Kings in the Later Middle Ages Kings and Queens were in the highest class Nobel Lords (Dukes and Earls) Knights Skilled Craftsman Serfs (worked the land) Lower classes showed their respect to the upper classes by serving them � in return received rewards >>

17. Life in the Middle Ages King who owned all the land in his kingdom granted some lands to Nobles (people who were born into wealthy and powerful families) The grant of land was called a fief Nobles then could collect taxes and enforce laws In return they became vassals of the king- promised to serve the king, especially in battle

18. Life in the Middle Ages Feudal systems varied from kingdom to kingdom Nature of these feudal relationships were constantly changing

20. Life in the Middle Ages Common type of nobleman (Noble) was the knight- a warrior who received land from a lord in return for military service

22. Life in the Middle Ages Manorial System � Large farm estates called manors included large houses, farmed lands, wooded lots, fields and villages.

23. Middle ages and the church Catholic Church- one of the largest and wealthiest land owners during the middle ages Important to note: Concept of Pope developed only gradually. Originally the Pope of Rome was nothing but a bishop and at the year 500 AD there were about 2000 throughout the empire. Unknown as to who was the Bishop of Rome to carry the title Pope of Rome. Some sources suggest that it was Pope Marcellinus (died 304 AD). Other sources suggest that this did not happen until the 6th century, with Pope John I **Peter never bore the title of "Pope", which came into use three centuries later, but Catholics traditionally recognize him as the first Pope

24. Middle Ages and the Church Officials of the church were known as clergy Beneath the pope were bishops, and priests. Other members were monks who lived in monasteries and nuns who lived in convents

25. End of the Early Middle Ages The Crusades- a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century.

26. High Middle Ages The Crusades- Series of wars The Crusades combined warfare and religion with the goal of liberating the holy land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims Many crusaders went for plunder and to establish themselves great men (status) Crusades received Papal support > Muslims had captured Jerusalem in 1076 Christians fought to get Jerusalem back and restore Christian control Wars lasted approx 200 years (1096-1272) Total of 9 crusades however the first 4 were the most important Crusaders captured Jerusalem but eventually the Turks/muslims regained control Muslims had captured Jerusalem in 1076 Christians fought to get Jerusalem back and restore Christian control Wars lasted approx 200 years (1096-1272) Total of 9 crusades however the first 4 were the most important Crusaders captured Jerusalem but eventually the Turks/muslims regained control

27. High Middle Ages Notre Dame Paris, France During this period religious faith was so much a part of life that it can be seen in the majestic cathedrals of this time The style of architecture was called Gothic which was referred to as �modern� in this period In the cathedrals people stood or sat on the floor and there were not any choirs Few were built quickly (50 years) and most to several hundredDuring this period religious faith was so much a part of life that it can be seen in the majestic cathedrals of this time The style of architecture was called Gothic which was referred to as �modern� in this period In the cathedrals people stood or sat on the floor and there were not any choirs Few were built quickly (50 years) and most to several hundred

28. High Middle Ages Stronger Nations Many Lords had sold their lands in order to join the Crusades Without land they had no power and many Lords died in the wars With fewer powerful lords the Kings grew stronger Strong central governments and the decline of nobility�s power helped to eventually bring an end of feudalism in Europe

29. High Middle Ages 1066 William, Duke of Normandy in northwestern France, claimed the English throne He landed in England, defeated the Anglo-Saxon army, and was crowned King William the I, He became known as William the conqueror

30. High Middle Ages William the Conqueror built a strong central government As King of England William initiated or oversaw numerous changes, including an extensive plan of castle-building and a more rigidly structured system of feudal government than England had previously known Doomsday Book When William's great grandson John took the throne he pushed the nobles too far by raising taxes In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta- one of the most important documents in European history

31. High Middle Ages Magna Carta stated that the king could not collect new taxes without the consent of the Great Council, a body of nobles and church leaders Also King could not take property without paying for it Any person accused of a crime had the right of a trial by jury The law not the king is the supreme power in England

32. Later Middle Ages1300�1500 AD The 1st kings and kingdoms begin to appear Instead of castles they built palaces Nation-States begin by the 13th cent These were states ruled over by kings with recognizable borders where the king has the supreme power (England being the exception at this time)

33. Later Middle Ages Not all counties had a central ruler or King The emergence of Kings and kingdoms was mainly in England and France but not in Germany or Italy-In theory they were ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor During this period we start to see the decline of the churches power and a rise of power in the state, city, and individual

34. Later Middle Ages During the middle ages there were famines and oppression Peasants would die early Children would die in large numbers(as much as 50 % of all children would die within a year or two of death Average life span- 29 years

35. Later Middle Ages During this part of the middle ages there was the 100 Years War 1337-1453 King Phillip VI of France attempted to confiscate the English territories Kings during that war Edward III (reigned 1327-1377) (The Black Prince (possibly because he wore black armorRichard II (Son of the Black Prince, Edward's eldest son) reigned 1377-1399 Henry IV (Son of John of Gaunt, Edward's third son) reigned 1399-1413 Henry V (Son of Henry IV) reigned 1413-1422 Henry VI (Son of Henry V) reigned 1422-1461 During this time the long bow was introduced

36. Weapons of The Middle Ages

37. Weapons of The Middle Ages

38. Later Middle Ages

39. Late Middle Ages High Middle to Later Middle ages Growth of cities( Became crowded and dirty) Education and Literature-as cities grew and trade increased the need for education was Universities developed throughout Europe by the 1400�s The first university- University of Bologna(1088),

40. End of The Middle Ages Decline of Feudalism and manorialism Growth of stronger central governments Growth of cities Renewed interest in education and trade Stronger kings started challenging the Catholic Church