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Understanding Diencephalon and Brainstem: Vital Roles and Potential Threats

Delve into the complex structures of the diencephalon and brainstem, their functions, and the critical consequences of injuries. Explore the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and the life-sustaining features of the brainstem. Gain insights into sleep patterns and disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep paralysis. Unravel the intricate neural networks that regulate crucial bodily functions and emotional responses, highlighting the importance of these brain regions in maintaining overall well-being.

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Understanding Diencephalon and Brainstem: Vital Roles and Potential Threats

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  1. 11.6 The Diencephalon and Brainstem 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 31 Topic: 11.6 The Diencephalon and Brainstem Essential Question: Why would an injury to the medulla oblongata often be fatal? Why would an injury to the medulla oblongata often be fatal? Homework from Friday due TOMORROW

  2. Diencephalon • The Diencephalon is located between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem. • Largely composed of gray matter • Includes: • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus • Pineal gland

  3. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus

  4. Diencephalon • The thalamusis thegateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex • Receives all sensory impulses (except smell) • Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation

  5. Diencephalon • The hypothalamusmaintains homeostasis by regulating internal activities • Heart rate/ blood pressure • Body temp • Control of hunger/ bodyweight/ digestion • Pituitary gland/growth • Sleep/wakefulness • Links nervous and endocrine systems

  6. Diencephalon Video2m4s-3m50s

  7. Structures in the region of the diencephalon are also important in controlling emotional responses: • Limbic System: Controls emotional experience and expression and can modify the way a person acts, producing feelings such asfear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow • Reacts to life-threatening upsets • Guides behavior that may increase the chance of survival • Interpret sensory impulses from the receptors associated with the sense of smell • Ex: the smell of baking cookies reminds you of your grandmother

  8. Limbic System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNs9ruzoTmI

  9. Brain Stem

  10. The Brainstem MidbrainPons Medulla Oblongata • Pg. 30 ¾ Video Notes X 10 bullets ¼

  11. Brain Stem • Three Parts • Midbrain • Pons • 3. Medulla Oblongata

  12. Midbrain • Midbrain: • Location- Between diencephalon and pons • Connects lower parts of brainstem/ spinal cord with higher part of brain • Contains reflex centers that move the eyes to view something as the head turns, move head to hear sounds more distinctly, and controls reflexes that maintain posture

  13. Pons • Pons: • Location- Between medulla oblongata and midbrain • Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebrum • Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing

  14. Medulla Oblongata • Medulla Oblongata: • Enlarged continuation of spinal cord • Conducts impulses between brain and spinal cord • Contains cardiac (heart rate), vasomotor (blood pressure), and respiratory control centers (rate, rhythm, and depth of breathing) • Contains various non-vital reflex control centers (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting) • INJURIES HERE ARE OFTEN FATAL

  15. The Brainstem • Pg. 30 MidbrainPons Medulla Oblongata PICTURES of FUNCTIONS PICTURES of FUNCTIONS PICTURES of FUNCTIONS *At least 6 illustrations

  16. Crash Course: Know Your Brain4m55-8m33 • 10 bullets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0

  17. Catch up/Finish up/ Set up • Cranial Nerve Sheet • Notebook check next week-catch up on taping/EQs • Did you turn in your assignment last week?

  18. 11.6 Reticular Formation and the Cerebellum 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 33 Topic: 11.5 Reticular Formation and the Cerebellum Essential Question: NO EQ!!!!

  19. Reticular Formation • Reticular Formation: Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem • Arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness • without this stimulation, the cortex remains unaware of stimulation and cannot interpret sensory info or carry on thought processes • Decreased activity leads to sleep!

  20. Types of Sleep Normal sleep results from decreasing activity of the reticular formation • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) • “Paradoxical” (unusual) sleep • Some areas of brain active • Heart and respiratory rates irregular • Dreaming occurs • Slow Wave • Non-REM sleep • Restful • Dreamless • Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate • Ranges from light to heavy • Alternates with REM sleep

  21. Sleep Disorders Top of Pg. 32 What are some sleep disorders you may have heard of? Sleep Apnea Sleep Walking Narcolepsy Insomnia Night Terrors Sleep Talking

  22. Insomnia: Inability to fall or remain asleep (10% of population) Narcolepsy: Abnormal REM sleep causes EXTREME daytime sleepiness (.02-.06% of population) Sleep Apnea: Upper airway collapses repeatedly during sleep, blocking breathing. Snoring and daytime sleepiness Parasomnias: Sleepwalking, sleep talking, and night terrors. (<5% of children)

  23. Sleep paralysis: Inability to move for up to a few minutes after awakening or when falling asleep • Sleep paralysis is a feeling of being conscious but unable to move • It occurs when a person passes between stages of wakefulness and sleep • During these transitions, you may be unable to move or speak for a few seconds up to a few minutes. • Some people may also feel pressure or a sense of choking. • Sleep paralysis usually occurs at one of two times. If it occurs while you are falling asleep, it's called predormital sleep paralysis. If it happens as you are waking up, it's called postdormital sleep paralysis. • Many people that experience sleep paralysis are struck with a deep sense of terror, because they sense a menacing presence in the room while paralyzed—sometimes referred to as the intruder.

  24. The Jawbone Up, monitors the wearer's micro movements while they are asleep, to determine whether they are awake, in light sleep or in deep sleep. This information, together with data on the wearer's movement and eating habits, can then inform the wearer's health and fitness regime.

  25. Cerebellum • Cerebellum: • Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts • Coordinates skeletal muscle activity • Maintains posture • Receives sensory impulses from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, and the eyes and ears • Damage to the cerebellum may result in tremors, inaccurate movements, loss of muscle tone, loss of equilibrium

  26. The Brainstem and Cerebellum Videos2m41s 2m12s

  27. Cranial Nerve Homework Check • Get out your work from Friday • Turn into one person’s desk • Mrs. M will sign

  28. Major Parts of the Brain

  29. A Closer Look at the Brain Video (5m23s)

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