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SUMMARY OF DATA RATES

SUMMARY OF DATA RATES. Thought For The Week No Question Is A Bad Question!. Key Point. WAN Physical Layer Protocols Vary Widely In Speed And Cost. LESSON OBJECTIVES.

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SUMMARY OF DATA RATES

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  1. SUMMARY OF DATA RATES Thought For The Week No Question Is A Bad Question!

  2. Key Point WAN Physical Layer Protocols Vary Widely In Speed And Cost.

  3. LESSON OBJECTIVES This Lesson Summarizes the Most Popular Physical Layer Protocols That Exist for Providing Connectivity to Wide Area Network (WAN) and Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Networking Environments. • At The End Of Lesson 2, You Should Be • Able To: • Name The Low- And High-Speed Options For • Physical Layer MAN/WAN Connectivity • Determine Which Technology Is Most • Appropriate For A Given Business Application

  4. Point-To-Point Links • Point-To-Point Links Establish A Physical • Connection Between Local And Remote • Stations. • A Point-To-Point Link Provides Dedicated Bandwidth For The Life Of The Circuit.

  5. Analog Lines • LECs Offer Traditional Telecommunications • Services That Use Existing Telephone • Company Voice Network Facilities And The • Copper Local Loop Between A Customer • And Central Office (CO).

  6. Basics Of Digital Data Speeds • The Building Block For Digital Services Is • The Digital Signal Level 0 (DS0). • In Every Country In The World, • The DS0, 64 Kbps, Is Recognized • As The Basic Data Rate For Digital • Data Transmission. DS0 64 Kbps

  7. Analog-To-Digital Data Conversion • The Most Prevalent Method Of Converting • Analog Signals To Digital Signals Is The • Process Of Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). • In Every Country In The World, • The DS0, 64 Kbps, Is Recognized • As The Basic Data Rate For Digital • Data Transmission. DS0 64 Kbps Building Block

  8. Digital Data Service (DDS) • Dataphone Digital Service (DDS) Is Also • Called Digital Data Service. • Connections Are Made To DDS Using A Special Box Called A Data Service Unit/ Channel Service Unit (DSU/CSU). • Switched-56 (SW56) Service, Enables Dial- Up Digital Connections To Any Other SW56 Subscriber in the Country.

  9. Switched-56 (SW56) • Switched-56 (SW56) Service, Enables Dial- • Up Digital Connections to Any Other SW56 • Subscriber in the Country.

  10. High-Speed Services • At The Top Of The Point-To-point Ladder • Are The Truly High-Speed Digital Services, • Including: • Fractional T1 (FT1) • T1 (24 DS0 Channels, 1.544 Mbps) • T3 (672 DS0 Channels; 44.736 Mbps) • Sonet (Basic Building Block Is STS-1, Or OC-1 • – 51.84 Mbps; Ref. Table on Page 298)

  11. Various Data Rates And Associated Applications • The Physical Layer Technologies Table • Presents Key Physical Layer Technologies • Most Often Used For Connection To A • WAN. Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application Home Office Connectivity to Office and Internet Dial-up DDS Leased Line Switched-56 14.4-56 Kbps 56 Kbps 56 Kbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Low-Grade Twisted Pair Low-Grade Twisted Pair Small Business Low-Speed AccessOffice-to-Office ConnectivityInternet Connectivity Small Business Low-Speed AccessOffice-to-Office ConnectivityInternet ConnectivityLink Backup

  12. Various Data Rates And Associated Applications Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application Small to Medium BusinessModerate-level SpeedInternet Access Fractional T1 Satellite (Direct PC) T1 Low-Grade Twisted Pair Airwaves 64 to 768 Kbps 400 Kbpsdownstream33.6 Kbpsupstream Small Business with Moderate-level SpeedInternet Access Medium BusinessInternet Access Point-to-Point LAN Connectivity 64 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps Low-Grade Twisted PairOptical FiberMicrowave

  13. Various Data Rates And Associated Applications Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application Medium BusinessInternet Access Point-to-Point LAN Connectivity E1 ADSL Cable Modem Low-Grade Twisted PairOptical Fiber 64 Kbps to2,048 Mbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium BusinessHigh-Speed Home Internet Access Medium BusinessHigh-Speed Home Internet Access 512 Kbps to 52 Mbps Coaxial Cable

  14. Various Data Rates And Associated Applications Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application Large BusinessInternet Access ISP Backbone Access E3 T3 OC-1 Twisted Pair Fiber Optical Microwave 34.368 Mbps 45 Mbps Twisted Pair Fiber Optical Microwave Large BusinessInternet Access ISP Backbone Access Backbone, Campus Internet ISP 51.48 Mbps Fiber Optical Cable

  15. Various Data Rates And Associated Applications Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application Large BusinessInternet Access ISP Backbone Access E3 T3 OC-1 Twisted Pair Fiber Optical Microwave 34.368 Mbps 45 Mbps Twisted Pair Fiber Optical Microwave Large BusinessInternet Access ISP Backbone Access Backbone, Campus Internet ISP 51.48 Mbps Fiber Optical Cable

  16. T1 System • A T-1 Contains24 64-Kbps Channels • 24 x 64 Kbps = 1,536 Kbps • A T-1 Has a Data Rate of 1,544 Kbps (1.544 Mbps) • Why Is There An 8,000 bps • Difference Between What • We Believe That The T-1 • Data Rate Is And The • Actual Data Rate Of 24, 64 • Kbps Channels?

  17. T1 System - Continued . . . . . . F Octet 2 Octet 24 F Octet 1 Channel 1 Channel 2 5.18 sec 125 sec 193 bit Framing bit • 8 b/Channel/Frame X 24 • Channels = 192 bits. • Thus The Output bit rate is • 193 X 8,000 = 1.544 Mbps.

  18. Bandwidth – Analog Transmission • Bandwidth Is The Difference Between The • Highest And Lowest Frequencies That Can • Be Transmitted Across A Transmission • Line Or Through A Network. • Bandwidth Is Measured In Hertz (Hz) For Analog Networks.

  19. Bandwidth –Digital Transmission • Bandwidth Is Measured In Bits Per Second (bps) For Digital Networks.

  20. Application Bandwidth • Different Types Of Applications Require • Different Bandwidths For Effective Use.

  21. Bandwidth • The Greater The Range Of Frequencies A Medium Can Handle, The Greater Its Information-Carrying Capacity.

  22. Multiplexers and Subscriber Lines 3000 Ft Repeater T1 T1 Mux CSU ~ 6,000 Ft In Loop 24 DS-0 Network Interface T1 Repeater Central Office Repeater T1 T1 Office Repeater Bay Frame 3000 Ft

  23. Traffic Carried By T1 System • Digital Voice At 64, 32, or 16 Kbps on DS-1 Channels • Digital Data At 56 Kbps, or Multiples Of 64 Kbps • Subrate Data At 2.4 4.8, 9.6, Or 19.2 Kbps On DS-1 • Channels

  24. Traffic Carried By T1 System • To Accommodate These Signals On DS-1 Lines Requires A • Range O Multiplexers. Some Of Them Are: • M24: Original T-1 System • M44: 44 Voice Channels That Are Converted To 44, • 32-Kbps Voice Channels. • They Occupy 22 DS-0 • Channels. • The Remaining 2 DS-0s • Are Used For Common • Channel Signaling.

  25. Traffic Carried By T1 System • Continued: • M48: 48 Voice Channels That Are Converted To 48, • M88: 88 Voice Channels That Are Converted To 88, • 16-Kbps Voice Channels. • They Occupy 22 DS-0 • Channels. • The Remaining 2 DS-0s • Are Used For Common • Channel Signaling.

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