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Nationalism:2.0

Nationalism:2.0. Feelings give way to blood and steel (and the roots of a much bigger problem). On Thursday – What did you read?. What is nationalism? Why would it be a “unique” idea at the start of the 1800’s? How does romanticism tie into the idea of nationalism?

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Nationalism:2.0

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  1. Nationalism:2.0 Feelings give way to blood and steel (and the roots of a much bigger problem)

  2. On Thursday – What did you read? • What is nationalism? Why would it be a “unique” idea at the start of the 1800’s? • How does romanticism tie into the idea of nationalism? • In general, when do you think people get “nationalistic?” What might be another term for nationalism?

  3. Italy and Germany in a Nutshell in the early 1800’s Italy Germany 39 German states German Federal Diet No decisions could be made. Austria and Prussia Problem – Two large empires controlled parts of Germany Lots of different nationalities Poles, Italians, Serbs, Czechs, Hungarians • Napoleon combines much of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy. • Congress of Vienna undoes it, but ideas remain. • Giuseppe Mazzini • Young Italy – No one older than 40 could join. • Why Romantic nationalism wasn’t enough • Austria controlled two major Italian states • Italy was culturally divided

  4. So…. Lets stop talking about our feelings • Romanticism gives way to realism. • No more talking about our feelings! • Rise of the realpolitik • “politics of reality” • tough national politics in which idealism has no part

  5. Italy • Mazzini had failed to unify Italy • Kingdom of Sardinia • Strong Italian state • Count Camillodi Cavour • He is CRAFTY… • I like to call him C3 • Literally embodies what it means to be a realpolitik • “pale ghost of Machiavelli” • Some doubted his goal of Italian Unification. • C3 knows he needs to get rid of Austria • Can’t do it by himself, needs to get a strong ally • Allies with France • C3 thinks Napoleon III is not that bright… • Napoleon III thinks C3 is not that bright… • In a secret meeting, N3 agrees to drive out Austria in exchange for Nice and Savoy • C3 provokes war, N3 does his thing – Austria retreats. • While N3 is fighting Austria, Italian nationalists are busy unifying northern Italy against Austria • And also France • Napoleon thought that he could take over Italy after he got rid of Austria… • DOH! • 1860 – All of France accept Venetia is unified.

  6. The Red Shirts • Cavour also helps to unify the South • Also in secret • Giuseppe Garibaldi leads small army to “liberate” Sicily • “Red Shirts” • So successful, decides to march north to bring Nice back to Italy • Nice had been given to N3! • Screwing with C3’s plans! • By 1871 – all of Italy is unified under one constitutional monarch and parliament! • Victor Emmanual II becomes king • Cavour died before seeing Italy unified.

  7. Problems for Unified Italy • Turf Wars • Cultural differences north and south • No strong leadership • Many people left Italy • Immigrated to the US!

  8. Germany • Germany was a mess • 39 states all belonged to the German Confederation • Austria and Prussia were the two strongest • Austria • Center for German culture • Most people in Austria were not German • Lacked industrial development • Prussia • Population mostly German • Strong in trade • Industrially developed • Powerful army

  9. Ol’ Blood and Iron • Prussian king William I made Otto Von Bismarck his Prime Minister • Goal: Unify Germany • Problem: Austria • “Germany is clearly too small for us both” • “The Great Speeches of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes… but by blood and iron.”

  10. The Less Confusing Map

  11. Bismarck the Realpolitik • Two quick wars with Denmark • Victorious, wins small amounts of land • Real goal, get the Prussian blood pumping and to earn some respect! • 1866 – Provokes war with Austria • Seven Weeks War • Prussian rail lines the key • Austria is humiliated • Has to give up land • Leaves German Confederation • Needs to rebuild and pacify the non-Austrians • 1867 – the rise of the Austrian Hungarian Empire • Dual Monarchy • Two equal states with two governments • One Army – One foreign policy.

  12. Bismarck is not Done • 1867 – Prussia controls all of Northern Germany. • Southern Germany mostly Catholic • Prussia primarily Protestant • Bismarck needs a threat to make the southern German states want to be part of Prussia.

  13. So…. Crafty Bismarck • A crisis in Spain arises • Napoleon III is concerned that France will be surrounded by relatives of William I • N3 sends an ambassador to Prussia • Bismarck makes up a story that he leaks to the press • William I and ambassador have insulted each other! • Prussians and French are OUTRAGED and demand war. • July 19, 1870 – France declares war on Prussia • Which is EXACTLY what Bismarck wanted • By September, 1870 – 100,000 French are captured • Included N3!

  14. France’s Defeat…. And the Seeds of Revenge! • France has to pay 5 billion francs • Has to give up Alsace and Lorraine • No… they are not ladies • Two regions of France rich in coal and iron. • January 18, 1871 • William I goes to Versailles • Crowns himself Kaiser of the 2nd Reich

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