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Scientific Revolution Backgrounder

Discover how Islamic scholars paved the way for the Scientific Revolution with concepts like observation, experimentation, and new worldviews, challenging traditional beliefs.

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Scientific Revolution Backgrounder

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  1. CHY 4U Scientific Revolution Backgrounder

  2. Origins of Scientific Revolution • Non-western sources (incl. Avicenna) • Partly from the Renaissance • new discoveries about blood pressure, classification, calculus, anatomy, circulation (Vesalius), linear perspective, weapons • Ideas don’t have to fit preconceived notions of the universe (humanism) • Challenge to tradition

  3. New?: The Scientific Method • Islamic science and medicine had long been based on: • Observation • Experiment • E.g., translation Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine (1025) was one of the most influential books in Europe • Rather than… • Information fitting into pre-existing worldviews (especially of the Catholic Church).

  4. Tusi Couple and Copernicus Copernicus Al-Tusi John Baez, Rolling Circles and Balls, Sept. 11, 2012, http://www.math.ucr.edu/home/baez/rolling/rolling_3.html (Feb. 25, 2016).

  5. Islam and Astronomy • Muslims needed to locate Mecca for daily prayer and for special occasions such as beginning and end of Ramadan • Nasr al-Din al-Tusi (b. 1201) • Built an observatory • Memoir on Astronomy • Idea of 2 circles (the tusi-couple) similar to what Copernicus later came up with Jim Al-Khalili, House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance (New York: Penguin, 2011), pp. 205-6.

  6. Geocentric Model of the Solar System The Geocentric Paradigm, Philosophy: Chinese/Japanese 350, 2006. http://faculty.vassar.edu/brvannor/Asia350/ptolemy.html (Feb. 21, 2013).

  7. European Geocentrism: Sacred • Old View of the Universe • based on Aristotle and Ptolemy • spheres revolve around earth which doesn’t move • heavenly bodies attached to spheres • 10 spheres, highest is the home of God • perfect circular motion of spheres • humans at centre, special relationship with God

  8. Heliocentric Model NASA Earth Observatory. Feature Article: Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea that Launched the Scientific Revolution. 2009. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsHistory/ (Sept. 6, 2010).

  9. Copernicus’s On the Revolutions… Copernicus’ math was also inspired by the work of Ibn al-Shatir Rare Book Library at the University of Sydney. Origins of Modernity Online Exhibition: Cosmology and Astronomy – Copernicus. 2002. http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/copernicus.html (Sept. 6, 2010); Al-Khalili, House of Wisdom, pp. 218-20.

  10. Brahe’s Universe and Uranibourg Observatory Rice University. Galileo Project: Science – Tycho Brahe, Tychonic Universe. 2003. http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/brahe.html (Sept. 6, 2010); Long, Tony. Wired. August 8, 1576: Brahe’s Palatial Gateway to the Heavens. 2007. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/08/dayintech_0808 (Sept. 15, 2010).

  11. Kepler Used Brahe’s Data Elliptical orbits of planet PBS Online/WNET New York. Stephen Hawking’s Universe. N.d. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/universes/html/kepler.html (Sept. 15, 2010).

  12. Galileo’s Telescope Museo Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science. Multimedia Catalogue. 2010. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=405001 (Sept. 6, 2010).

  13. Phases of Venus, 1623 International Year of Astronomy 2009. Graphic Description of Venus Phases. 2009. http://www.astronomy2009.org/resources/multimedia/images/detail/galileo_12/ (Sept. 6, 2010).

  14. Moons of Jupiter, 1610 NASA. Solar System Exploration – Galileo’s Journal. 2008. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=7303 (Sept. 6, 2010).

  15. Galileo’s Dialogo, 1632 Aristotle, Ptolemy and Copernicus discussing the universe Library of Congress – European Collections. 2005 Science and Technology. http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/guide/science.html (Sept. 15, 2010).

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