CELLS

1. CELLS

2. QSR #2 • 1. The SHAPE of a cell greatly depends on the ________ of that cell. • 2. Use nerve cells (which are long, skinny) and skin cells (flat) to explain #1. • 3. Cells differ in both shape and _____. • 4. True or false…larger cells are more efficient at meeting their own needs than smaller cells. EXPLAIN!!!!!!!

3. The Discovery of Cells • Van ______________ was the first scientist to observe cells using a _______ light microscope • It had ______ lens ____________ light microscopes use a series of lenses to magnify objects • Can magnify up to 1500 times

4. The Cell Theory • Robert _________ used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark • Box-shaped structures • Called these __________

6. Cell Theory (3 parts) • 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells • A. __________ – bacteria, certain algae and fungi • B. ___________ - all plants and animals • 2. The cells are the basic unit of ______ • 3. Cells originate from other __________

7. 2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE EX: FAT CELLS ARE ANIMAL CELLS THAT PROVIDE ENERGY AND INSULATION 1.EVERY LIVING THING IS MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS. A POLAR BEAR IS MULTICELLULAR 3. ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS EX: THESE CUBS BEGAN AS ONE LIVING CELL

10. NOT ALL BACTERIA IS BAD!!!!!! MOST IS GOOD ACTUALLY

12. WE CAN ALL GET ALONG  JUST A FEW OF THE UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS IN THIS POND (75X) THE FROG AND WATER LILLIES ARE MUTICELLULAR

13. QSR #1 • 1. List the 3 parts to the cell theory: • _______________________________ • _______________________________ • _______________________________ 2. Which type of cells hardly ever make new cells?

14. 2 types of cells • Eukaryotes • Have true membrane bound organelles • Have nucleus • Most are multicellular • Prokaryotes • Lacks internal membrane-bound organelles • No nucleus • Most are unicellular • Bacteria/Blue Green Algae

15. Pros/Cons • Eukaryotes • Con: Complex to build • Pro: Very specialized • Prokaryotes • Pro: Very simple make-up • Con: Non-specialized – don’t have different compartments that can do different things

16. E.COLI BACTERIA--prokaryote

20. Eukaryotic Plant Cell

21. Liver Cell

22. QSR #4 • 1. ________ was the first person to coin the term “cells” after observing _____ cells under a compound light microscope. • 2. Plant and bacterial cells are similar in that they both contain a _______ _______. • 3. List 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. • A._____________________________ • B._____________________________ • C._____________________________

23. Cell Membrane • Also called Plasma membrane • 1. Separates the cell’s contents from the materials outside the cell • 2. Regulates what moves into and out of the cell • 3. Maintains __________________

24. Plasma Membrane • Is Selectively permeable****** • Means that it will allow certain materials in while others cannot pass • 2 Types of organic molecules make up the cell membrane: • Proteins • Phospholipids

25. Continued cell membrane • Made of 2 layers of phospholipids: • PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

26. A phospholipid: • Has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate molecule head attached to it • Phosphate • Head region • polar • Fatty acid • Tail region • Nonpolar region

28. QSR #6 • 1. The cell membrane, also called the ______ membrane is made of____ layers of phospholipids. • 2. Draw a phospholipid. (Use these terms to label it: polar, nonpolar, fatty acid tails, phosphate head) • 3. The _________ region of the membrane loves water, so it’s called___________ while the _________ region does not and is called ____________.

29. Fluid Mosaic Model– scientists have given this name for the cell membrane • The membrane is flexible – constantly in motion – “FLUID” • Ex: like a bubble • Proteins embedded in the membrane also move along the phospholipids – “MOSAIC”

31. QSR #7 • (Fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph) • Scientists have given the cell membrane the name of __________ ___________ model….fluid because it is ___________ and not rigid, and mosaic because it looks like a piece of ________ since __________s are embedded all throughout the membrane.

32. Cell Organelles http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm

35. Internal Structure • A. Organelles: • “cell organs” • Perform specific functions

36. 1. Cytoplasm • Jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles

37. 2. Nucleus • Contains a cell’s DNA or chromosomes • Only found in EUKARYOTIC cells • Enclosed in a double membrane– a nuclear envelope • Is filled with pores. Why?____________________________

38. 3. Nucleolus (concentrated DNA) • Dense center inside the nucleus • JOB: make ribosomes • Some ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Some float around in the cytoplasm • Ribosomes link together ______ ______s to make proteins

39. 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER: thin folds of membranes found right outside the nucleus • 4a.Smooth ER: contain no ribosomes (has a smooth appearance) • 4b.Rough ER: house ribosomes • The ER makes up a highway for moving material throughout the cell

40. 5. Mitochondria(POWERHOUSE) • Transfers energy from ORGANIC MOLECULES to ATP – which supplies the cell with energy!!! • Bean-shaped • Makes its own DNA (separate from nuclear DNA) • ****************************************************

41. QSR #8 • 1. List four levels of organization that combine to form an organism. • 2. _________ is a dense area of DNA found inside the nucleus in which ________(s) are made. • 3. Ribosomes are important since they are the sites for ___________ synthesis. • 4. Ribosomes leave the __________ and attach to the ____ ____, or the highway of the cell. • 5. The mitochondria contains its own ________ and turns the energy from ________ molecules into ________ that will then supply the cell with ______.

42. 6.Golgi Apparatus • A. Another system of flattened membranous sacs • B. processes, packages, and stores proteins – can fix them if necessary

43. 7.Vesicles • “little taxis” • Carry molecules where they need to go • (don’t copy) After a protein is made, part of the ER pinches off to form a vesicle surrounding the protein • This is how it gets to the Golgi

44. 8.Vacuole (animal cell)8. Central Vacuole (plants) • Think “Vacuum” • Bigger in plants • sac for storage– mostly water • Central Vacuole: only in plant cells • takes up most of space in a plant • cell • What causes plants to wilt?

45. 9. Lysosomes – one type of vesicle • Contain enzymes – “clean up crew” • Defend the cell against invading bacteria and viruses • Break down damaged cell parts • ****NOT found in plant cells**** • (Look at animation under awe sci teachers)

46. 10.Cytoskeleton -- Microtubules • Network of thin tubes and filaments that give shape to the cell • Ex: tent poles • Types: • 1. cilia – short, hair-like extensions • 2. flagella – long, whip-like tail used for movement • ****not found in PLANT CELLS****

47. 11.Chloroplast **** only in plant cells!!!!! • Organelles that carry out photosynthesis • Are filled with chlorophyll—green pigment • Also contain their own DNA– like what other organelle?___________________

48. 12. Cell wall • Structure and support • **Not found in animal cells**

49. QSR #10 • 1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi apparatus? • 2. ___________ are vesicles that repair damaged cell parts and keep out invading bacteria and viruses. • 3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome gets from the nucleus to the golgi. • 4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant cells, is much larger because ______________.

50. Organelles for your cell model • Cytoplasm - icing • Nucleus – Reese cups • ER – rough and smooth – twizzlers, nerds on a rope • Ribosomes - nerds • Golgi Apparatus – air heads • Vesicles – skittles, M&Ms • Mitochondria – Mike n Ikes, hot tamales • Vacuole (Central Vacuole for plants) – air heads • Lysosomes – jelly beans • cilia and flagella(only in animals)- twizzlers • Chloroplast (plants) – mike n ikes • Cell Wall (plants) – sour straws • Cell Membrane – sour straws