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The Terminalization of Containerized Supply Chains

The Terminalization of Containerized Supply Chains. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Professor Dept. of Global Studies & Geography Hofstra University New York, USA. 1- Contemporary Transport Terminals 2- Supply Chains and their Terminalization 3- The Insertion of Inland Ports.

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The Terminalization of Containerized Supply Chains

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  1. The Terminalization of Containerized Supply Chains Jean-Paul Rodrigue Professor Dept. of Global Studies & Geography Hofstra University New York, USA

  2. 1- Contemporary Transport Terminals2- Supply Chains and their Terminalization3- The Insertion of Inland Ports

  3. Contemporary Transport Terminals  Role and Function of Transport Terminals Modal and Temporal Separation at Terminals Terminals and Added Value

  4. What Drives Supply Chain Management? Control Freaks… Added Value Efficiency Control Offshoring Costs / time / reliability Internalize efficiency

  5. Changing Role and Function of Transport Terminals

  6. Types of Intermodal Terminals Port Terminals Barge terminal Container sea terminal Intermediate hub Rail Terminals Load center Transmodalterminal Satelliteterminal On-dock and near dock DistributionCenters Transloading Cross-docking Warehousing

  7. 39 Gateway Regions 90% of the World’s Freight Transport Pearl River Delta: 16.7% The Global Gateway System, 2006

  8. Technical Changes in Container Port Terminals

  9. Modal and Temporal Separation at Freight Transport Terminals Maritime Transport System Modal and Temporal Separation 1 Maritime / Barge 2 3 Buffer Road Rail 1 1 4 1- Intermodal 2- Transfer quay to truck gates 3- On dock rail 4- Transloading Inland Transport System

  10. Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services

  11. Strategies Used by Port Authorities to Coordinate their Hinterland

  12. Freight Transport Terminals: Operations and Added Value

  13. Rationale of Container Transloading

  14. Supply Chains and their Terminalization  The Concept of Terminalization Export Flows to the Gateways The Maritime Segment Import Flows to the Hinterland

  15. Unraveling the Terminalization Concept • Terminalization • Growing influence of transport terminals in the setting and operation of supply chains in terms of location, capacity and reliability.

  16. Terminalization in a Supply Chain Context Foreland (First Mile) Suppliers Bottleneck Gateway Buffer Distribution center (outbound / inbound) Inland containerized goods flow Inland non-containerized goods flow Offshore Hub Maritime container flow Gateway Port regionalization and the creation of a Regional Load Center Network Inland Terminal Extended Gate Extended Distribution Center Customers Hinterland (Last Mile)

  17. Supply Chain Terminalization: Export Flows to the Gateway • Bottleneck-derived terminalization • Containerized cargo: • Logistics zones near the gateway or in a hinterland location connected to the gateway via a multimodal transport corridor. • Distribution: • Tends to be synchronized with terminal handling capacity. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub Gateway Inland Terminal Customers

  18. Supply Chain Terminalization: The Maritime Segment • Buffer-derived terminalization • Intermediate facility (offshore hubs): • Transshipment, interlining or relay. • Low cost locations before entering high distribution costs areas. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub Gateway Inland Terminal Customers

  19. Liner Shipping Port Calls, 2009

  20. Factors behind Transshipment

  21. The Advantages of Intermediate Hub Terminals

  22. The Insertion of Intermediate Hub Terminals 15% of Transshipment Traffic 85% of Transshipment Traffic

  23. Gateways and Transshipment Hubs: Different Dynamics Monthly Container Traffic (Jan 2005 =100)

  24. Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2007-09 Asia – Mediterranean Corridor Caribbean Transshipment Triangle Northern Range East Asia Cluster

  25. Supply Chain Terminalization: Import Flows to the Hinterland • Bottleneck and buffer-derived terminalization • Port regionalization: • Regional load center network. • Extended gate: • Development of inland terminals. • Extended distribution center: • The terminal as a warehousing unit. Suppliers Gateway Offshore Hub 1 Gateway 2 Inland Terminal 3 Customers

  26. Asymmetries between Import and Export-Based Containerized Logistics Customer Distribution Center Inland Terminal Import-Based Gateway • Many Customers • Function of population density. • Geographical spread. • Incites transloading. • High priority (value, timeliness). Repositioning Supplier Export-Based • Few Suppliers • Function of resource density. • Geographical concentration. • Lower priority. • Depends on repositioning opportunities.

  27. Impacts of Terminalization on Supply Chain Costs

  28. The Insertion of Inland Ports  Inland Ports: Governance and Added Value Inland Ports in North America The Containerization of Commodities

  29. The Inland Logistics Funnel: The “Last Mile” in Freight Distribution Capacity Funnel Frequency Funnel Atomization Inland Terminal HINTERLAND FrequencyGap CapacityGap GATEWAY Massification FORELAND Economies of scale Main Shipping Lane INTERMEDIATE HUB

  30. Basic Requirements for Inland Ports Co-location

  31. Functions of Inland Terminals Port Corridor B C A Drayage

  32. Modal Shift and Inland Freight Diversion A Road Gateway Flows Relations Satellite Terminal Rail Inland Port Gateway B

  33. The Massification of Transportation and Land Use in Inland Systems Inland Load Center Network Formation Supporting Land Use Port Port Port Port-Centric IT IT Corridor Inland Terminal IT IT IT Inland Port Intermodal Industrial Park Direct truck End haul Rail / barge service

  34. Main Governance Models for Inland Ports

  35. Added Value Activities Performed at an Inland Port

  36. Market Accessibility of Major North American Inland Load Centers

  37. American Foreign Trade by Maritime Containers, 2010 (in TEUs)

  38. Main Container Ports, Trade Corridors and Distribution Hubs in North America Two growth dynamics: Coastal shift / rebalancing Commodities

  39. Main Advantages of Co-location: Multiplying Factors for the Last Mile

  40. BNSF Logistics Park, Chicago Distribution Centers Wal-Mart CaliforniaCartage Chicago (60km) ► BNSF Intermodal Yard Maersk

  41. An Expected Shift in Containerization Growth Factors

  42. Growth Factors behind the Containerization of Commodities

  43. Containerized Weight for Selected Commodities * Exceeds maximum permissible weight.

  44. From Bulk to Containers: Breaking Economies of Scale

  45. Loading Coffee into Containers

  46. Loading Coking Coal into Containers

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