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Drugs in Aquaculture

Drugs in Aquaculture. Dr. Craig Kasper. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture. Feed additives (Sulfonamides) Sulfamerazine (fish grade) and Romet-30 Effective for bacterial infections 220 mg/kg fish for 14 days. Some treatments recommend 3 days, fewer side-effects. Toxicity may occur -

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Drugs in Aquaculture

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  1. Drugs in Aquaculture Dr. Craig Kasper

  2. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture Feed additives (Sulfonamides) • Sulfamerazine (fish grade) and Romet-30 • Effective for bacterial infections • 220 mg/kg fish for 14 days. • Some treatments recommend 3 days, fewer side-effects. • Toxicity may occur - • Kidney damage (drug crystal formation in renal tubules) • Clinical signs – bloating/dropsy (stomach full of water) • Trout very suceptable. • Commercial availability in feed has limited many problems

  3. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture Sulfonamides (continued) • Sulfamerazine (fish grade) • No longer available • Romet-30 • Suggested dose (furunculosis) – 50mg/kg fish/day for 5 to 7 days • Also effective for ESC • Still used in the catfish industry.

  4. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture Terramycin (oxytetracycline) – TM50 • Generally drug of choice in aquaculture • Recommended dose – 55-83mg/Kg fish/day for 10 days • Effective against gram neg. bacteria (BKD?) • ERM, Furunculosis, CWD, etc. • Requires withdrawal period of at least 21 days. • Should not be fed on prophylactic basis! • Resistance to oxytetracycline can occur in most bacterial fish pathogens (Meyer and Schnick 1989)

  5. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture Therapeutants added to water • Methods • Static bath – most reliable for raceways/tanks/troughs • Constant flow – safe and can be used in most situations when fish reared in running water • Prolonged – lower doseage, but constant emersion. • Chemicals • Formalin • Most widely used agent in fish culture • (solution contains 37% formaldehyde in water)

  6. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture • Chemicals (cont.) • Quaternary Ammonium compounds • Benzalkonium chloride/Hyamine • Antibacterial, toxic!!! 48 hr LD50 at 1.12 g (catfish) • Now only limited use in food fish • Potassium Permanganate • Strong oxidizing agent • Great for fungus!!

  7. Drugs/chemicals used in aquaculture • Chemicals (cont.) • Copper Sulfate (<6.4 mg copper/L water) • Also called Cutrine • Algaecide/bactericide/parasiticide • Effective on scaled fish, but can cause problems with scaleless fish (catfish). • Can produce kidney necrosis, destruction of hematopoietic tissue, increased liver fat and inhibition of digestive enzymes. • NaCl (salt) (uniodized!!) • Most overlooked treatment • Can be very effective • Was classified as a drug until recently. • 3% recommended if possible (10-30 min)

  8. Always the legal stuff....

  9. What else is good? • Some options are not “drugs,” per se, but natural products that haven’t been applied to fish (at least not in any scientific method.) • Many products in traditional medicine/herbs, etc. can and are used for fish health!

  10. GRAS (generally regarded as safe) • Spices/flavorings: basil, garlic, salt, fennel • Essential oils: from the above spices/plants. • Natural solvent-free extracts: peach kernal (persic oil) • Many others haven’t even been considered

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