Intgumentary Lab

1. Intgumentary Lab Animal A & P- Fall 2009

2. How to Suture • Suturing or sewing during surgery usually serves one of two purposes: • It securely closes blood vessels. • It brings together tissues that you want to stay together. • For example, following a cesarean section, you will want to suture together the cut edges of the uterus. This will promote healing that is both prompt and anatomically correct.

3. Most suturing is done using curved surgical needles and a "needle holder" or "needle driver." • Normally, the needle is grasped with the needle driver at a right angle to the needle, approximately half-way to two-thirds of the way back from the tip. • In special situations, you may want to grip the needle a little closer to the tip, and sometimes you will want to angle the needle a small amount. Don't angle it too much or the needle holder may lose it's grip on the needle.

5. Typically, you will employ tissue forceps to support or grasp the material you are trying to sew. • Ideally, you would use the tissue forceps to support the tissue while you drive the needle through the supported tissue. • This is the least traumatic way of sewing.

7. After driving the needle through the tissue you wish to sew, push it through or pull it through, following the curve of the needle.

8. Several important tips to keep in mind are: • Don't crush the tissue with the tissue forceps. Crushing injures the tissue and impairs healing. • Follow the curve of the needle. • Smaller "bites" tend to give more precise approximation of tissues; larger bites tend to have more strength. • When closing incisions, try to match the placement of the needle on one side with the placement of the needle on the other side. Take similar sized bites, and similar placement of the needle. • Don't lift the tissue with the needle. It is not good for the tissue and risks breaking the needle tip off. • If the needle bends, stop sewing, tie the suture, and get a new needle. Needles that have been bent back into position are weaker and more prone to breakage.

9. Implants • When properly used- growth stimulating implants offer a fast, easy to use method of increasing weaning weights. • Used for meat production animals • Exerts a positive effect by increasing growth hormone and insulin • Result increased formation of muscle tissue and decreased fat

11. Vaccinations • Injection Techniques • Intravenous injection (IV) — an injection into the vein. • Intramuscular injection (IM) — an injection into the muscle. • Subcutaneous injection (SQ) — an injection under the skin • Intradermal (ID)-

12. IV & IM

13. Sub-Q • "Tent" technique for SubQ injectionsThe proper and recommended technique for giving injections requires lifting a fold of skin with one hand, forming a "V" or "tent." The needle is inserted through the skin into the space under the skin. The lifting of the skin is necessary to assure that the injection will be subcutaneous.

14. ID • Think of the mosquito….

15. IP • Entering the peritoneal Cavity….

16. Dehorning

17. Dehorning Calves (Hot Iron) • Procedure • heat iron to a cherry-red color • firmly restrain the calf • firmly apply the hot iron over the emerging horn bud • roll the hot iron around the base of the horn bud several times to ensure the skin around the bud is completely burnt through • the horn bud will drop off in due course

18. Dehorning Older Calves (Cup and Scoop) • Cup tools • Scoop tools

19. Castration (Bulls, Rams & Boars) • Techniques • elastic band used for bulls and rams • burdizzo or emasculator used for bulls and rams • surgical used for bulls, rams and boars

20. Burdizzo Castration Sites

21. Banding

22. Castration (Burdizzo or Emasculator) • Crushes the blood vessels and stops blood flow to the testicles; the scrotum will stay attached to the body, but the animal will be sterile • Used on calves and lambs Crush Site Spermatic cord carries blood to testicle Testicle

23. Knife Method

24. Castration (Surgical) • Types of incisions • side of scrotum— calves and lambs • beneath the testicle— calves and lambs • dorsal side or rear end beneath the testicle— pigs Side incision Dorsal side or rear end beneath testicles Beneath testicles incision

25. Tail Docking • Most commonly used on pigs and lambs • Docking tails is a standard management practice used to control disease • Techniques • elastrator used on young lambs • tooth nipper used on young pigs

26. Tail Docking (Lambs) • Procedure • open elastrator and insert tail into rubber ring • position ring on tail beyond the distal point where the caudal folds of skin end at the tail • release the ring • in a few days, the tail will either fall off or may be cut beneath the rubber ring • spray area with a disinfectant solution (e.g., iodine) • Tails should be docked before two weeks of age • WARNING: If tails are docked too short, the animal is susceptible to health problems, including rectal prolapses

27. Tail Docking (Pigs) • Procedure • place tail in tooth nippers at desired location • press firmly on the nippers to cut through skin and vertebrae • spray area with a disinfectant solution (e.g., iodine) • Tails should be docked before two weeks of age • Tails should be docked around one-half of an inch to one inch from the base of the tail

28. Abscess • collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue • develops from cuts or tears of the skin • lancing an abscess is the most reliable method of treatment • a razor blade, knife or a scalpel are often used

29. Abscess (Lancing) • Procedure • clean all equipment with an antiseptic solution and abscessed area with a disinfectant solution • hold either side of the abscessed area with one hand • with the free hand gently make an incision in the center of the abscess • gently squeeze the abscessed area to remove the majority of the pus • using a syringe with out the needle, squirt a disinfectant solution into the incision site to clean out the abscessed area