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FOCUS: German unification Mid-1800s

Nationalism:. the belief that people should be mainly loyal to their nation Nationalists believe that a cultural unity should turn into a political reality. FOCUS: German unification Mid-1800s. Unification of Germany.  Iron and Blood . Factors Hindering Unification.

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FOCUS: German unification Mid-1800s

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  1. Nationalism: the belief that people should be mainly loyal to their nationNationalists believe that a cultural unity should turn into a political reality FOCUS: German unification Mid-1800s

  2. Unification of Germany  Ironand Blood

  3. Factors Hindering Unification • Religion (North-Protestant/South-Catholic) • 39 different German states • Loyalty to individual princes rather than central government • Opposition of France and Austria • Economic differences (East-Agriculture/West-Industry)

  4. Germany Towards Unification: 39 States in German Confederation

  5. Otto von Bismarck • Became Prussian chancellor (prime minister) 1862 under William I • Junker - German noble landowner • Protestant conservative • military reforms • manipulative & confident • brilliant diplomat • Realpolitik

  6. King William I of Prussia

  7. Realpolitik • Practical or pragmatic politics • any action is acceptable if it serves the state’s (nation-state’s) interest • making decisions based on usefulness rather than moral considerations

  8. 3 Wars for unification

  9. Danish War • Danish King intends to annex Schleswig and Holstein • Austria & Prussia combine to defeat Denmark easily • stage set for conflict manipulated by Bismarck

  10. 1864

  11. Austro-Prussian War • Also called the Seven Weeks War (by the Prussians!) Prussians win easily • Austria agrees to dissolve the German Confederation • German states above the Main River join together in North German Confederation under Prussian King • Austria contends with Hungarian revolt Austria becomes Austria-Hungary

  12. 1866-67

  13. Franco-Prussian War • Bismarck tricks the French into war • Southern Catholic German states join the North German Confederation for protection • French commander captured and surrenders to the Prussians • Prussian victory helps build up German patriotism

  14. Treaty of Frankfurt • Treaty that ends Franco-Prussian War • France pays Prussia lots of $$ • Prussians will remain in France until paid • France gives Alsace-Lorainne to Germany • Rebels in Paris refuse to accept surrender • Paris bombarded and taken after inhabitants resort to eating rats and zoo animals

  15. Become part of Germany 1870-1871 Boundary of German Empire

  16. Treaty of Frankfurt • was very harsh towards French • led to years of problems between France and Germany • shown later in World War I and II

  17. William I’s coronation in Hall of Mirrors at Versailles

  18. German Empire • Centralization of Power • Kulturkampf - Effort to reduce power of Catholic Church in Germany • Foreign Policy...

  19. Bismarck’s foreign policy • gain allies • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy • Reinsurance Treaty: Germany and Russia • Isolate France • avoid war - Bismarck hosts 2 conferences to settle conflicts

  20. Problems following Unification • Alliance system • Empire dominated by Prussia • Suppression of Catholics • Growth of Socialism • Dismissal of Bismarck

  21. Post-Bismarck Germany • Kaiser Wilhelm II (1889-1918) • Militarism • build-up of navyand army • forces Britain and France into alliance • competes for colonies

  22. Foreign Policy • allows Russian alliance to lapse • Russia and France make alliance which leads to Schlieffen Plan…..(we will mention this during WWI)

  23. World War I These alliances help set the stage for

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