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FMD Reference Laboratory

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FMD Reference Laboratory

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  1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Global and regional updateDonald KingVesicular Disease Reference Laboratorydonald.king@pirbright.ac.ukFMD Ref Lab Team: Valerie Mioulet, Nick Knowles, Anna Ludi, Ginette Wilsden, Bryony Armson, Pip Hamblin, Kasia Bachanek-Bankowska, Kelly Adams, Jemma Wadsworth, Begoña Valdazo-González, Britta Wood, Barsha Thapa, Bob Statham, Ashley Gray, Trish Ryder, Sarah Belgrave, David Paton FMD Reference Laboratory

  2. 2010-2014: Changing patterns and threats SAT 2 and O North Africa and West Eurasia Multiple East Asia Asia 1 Detailed reports can be found at: www.wrlfmd.org

  3. Recent submissions to WRLFMD • Jan – Dec 2013: 401 samples • 259 isolates • Represent 5 FMDV serotypes: • No virus isolated 32.4% of samples • RT-PCR negative in 17.7% samples • No serotype C since 2004

  4. Field data from West Eurasia and North AfricaSample submissions to WRL (last 10 years) * Sequence data only * Bulgaria * Bahrain Samples sent to WRLFMD (last shipment) 2013-14 2012 2011

  5. Recently circulating FMDV lineages

  6. O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 Sub-lineage nomenclature used to define different viral genotypes

  7. Epidemiology of FMDV in Bulgaria (Burgas): 2011 • Incursion of FMD into a FMD-free (without vaccination) country in Europe • O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT10 • Use of full genome sequence data generated in real-time to show how sequences are related • Analysis included additional sequences from Turkey and Israel

  8. Complete FMDV sequences recovered from Bulgaria • Full genome sequence data: • provides evidence for single introduction into Bulgaria from Turkey • long branches indicative of unsampled infection • either in 4 villages with seropositive domesticated animals • or wildlife (wild boar) TCS tree showing linking samples showing putative unsampled intermediates (-O-) Valdazo-Gonzalez et al., PLoS ONE (2012)

  9. Vaccine matching data (2013)Serotype O (all O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 lineages) Matched Vaccine strain Not matched * Single values have yielded borderline matches

  10. A/ASIA/Iran-05 In the past 3 years: 8 sub-lineages:

  11. A/ASIA/Iran-05 • Replaced the A-Iran-96 and A-Iran-99 strains that were previously circulating in the west Eurasian region • Initially A22/Iraq vaccine provided protection • After 2006, a new vaccines were required (A/Iran2005 and A/TUR/2006) • Evidence that these vaccines are now no longer fully matched using in-vitro tests • Full capsid sequences reveal amino acid changes in antigenic sites that may underpin these antigenic changes Upadhyaya et al., (2013) Vaccine

  12. Vaccine matching data (2013)Serotype A (A/ASIA/Iran-05) Matched Vaccine strain Not matched * Single values have yielded borderline matches

  13. Asia 1 • Emergence of a Asia 1 lineage (Sindh-08) with poor match Asia 1 Shamir (ISR/3/89) • First recognised in Pakistan (2008) • However in-vivo potency test using >6PD50 Shamir vaccine does protect • Lineage has now spread westward into Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey and Bahrain • Spread mirrors recent trans-boundary movements of O/PanAsia and A/Iran-05

  14. Changing global patterns: SAT 2 in North Africa during 2012 • First FMD cases in Egypt due to serotype SAT 2 since 1950 • Cases associated with high mortality • ~50% particularly in young animals due to myocarditis • Sequence data supported at least two introductions of SAT 2 FMDV into Egypt • Within SAT 2 topotype VII • Distinct from other contemporary SAT 2 lineages in the Middle East and North Africa • topotype VII from Libya • topotype IV from Bahrain In partnership with the Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt

  15. North Africa: cross-roads between pools Egypt- Recent FMD Outbreaks Recent FMD outbreaks in Egypt have involved at least 3 serotypes and a number of different topotypes/lineages O/ME-SA/Egy-72 (2006-2009) O/ME-SA/PanAsia 2 (Egy-09) (2009 & 2011) O/EA-3 (2012) A/Africa/G-VII (Ken-05) (2006 & 2009) A/Asia/Iran-05 (Bar-08) (2010-2011) A/Africa/G-IV (ISM-12) (2012) SAT2/VII/Alx-12 (2012) SAT2/VII/Ghb-12 (2012)

  16. Changing global patterns: Serotype O from Indian sub-continent in Libya and Saudi Arabia • Recent report (Nov. 2013) • Samples collected in Libya in Sept/Oct 2013 - submitted via IZSLER (Brescia) • Samples collected in Saudi Arabia in Aug/Nov 2013 • O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage most closely related to viruses from Bhutan and India • O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 and O/EA3 previously reported in the country • O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage normally restricted to the Indian sub-continent • only previously caused FMD outbreaks in the Middle East (Iran 2009, UAE 2008-2009, Oman 2001, Bahrain 2001, Kuwait 1997). Dr Ibrahim Eldaghayes

  17. OIE/FAO FMD Lab Network in action: Sharing samples and sequence data - O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 • Involved PD-FMD, IZSLER and Pirbright • Molecular phylogenies of FMD viruses from SAU and LIB • Indicates multiple independent introductions of this lineage from the Indian sub-continent • KAR-13 sub-lineage that is widespread in the region • Reports provided to OIE, FAO and local authorities (can be found at: www.wrlfmd.org)

  18. New tailored diagnostic toolsFor endemic countries where multiple lineages are circulating • Specific real-time RT-PCR assays • For detection and differentiation of different FMDV lineages • Assays evaluated against circulating strains

  19. Available type-specific rRT-PCR tests • O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 • A/ASIA/Iran-05 • ASIA • SAT 2 (topotype VII) – Ahmed et al., 2012 • O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 – Knowles et al., in prep • O • A • SAT1 • SAT2 For west Eurasian viruses (Middle East) For East African viruses For further information and protocols contact: WRLFMD

  20. Simplified summaryTransboundary movement patterns of FMDV O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 A/ASIA/Iran-05 Asia-1 ? A/ AFRICA SAT 2 O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 O/EA-3 • Are these patterns predictable? • Understanding epidemiology of FMD provides a basis to estimate threats of new virus incursions • Phylogeography analysis is underway

  21. Acknowledgements • Support for the WRLFMD and research projects • Collaborating FMD Reference Laboratories and field teams • Partners within the OIE/FAO FMD Network FMD Reference Laboratory

  22. Supplementary in-vitro vaccine matching data Matched Vaccine strain Not matched O/ME-SA/Ind-2001: O/EA-3:

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