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Model Construction. The atmosphere connects the star to the outside world. All energy generated in the star has to pass through the atmosphere which itself usually does not produce additional energy.
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Model Construction The atmosphere connects the star to the outside world. All energy generated in the star has to pass through the atmosphere which itself usually does not produce additional energy. The photosphere is the region of the atmosphere where most of the radiation escapes from the star.
Parameters • There are many ways to construct model atmospheres. Using a fixed optical depth grid helps avoid pre-specifying the physical extension of the atmosphere. • Minimum independent parameters: • Effective temperature Teff • Gravity g(r) = G M / r2 • Mass, Radius or Luminosity L= 4πR2 Teff4 • Abundances of all elements i = ni / nT
Hydrostatic Equilibrium When mass loss is negligible, the total gas pressure in the atmosphere is: dP/dr = -g(r) With the optical depth: d = - dr = -( + ) dr where , , are the extinction, absorption and scattering coefficients, we get: dP/d = g(r) /
Energy Conservation In plane-parallel geometry, we have: Frad + Fconv = ∫ F d = Teff4 = cte Each volume element has emission = absorption: ∫ (J - S )d = 0 withJ the mean intensity (direction averaged) S the source function (simplest:B(T) ) The energy conservation determines essentially the T()structure!
Model Flow Chart Départ avec: T()= grey model (T4=3/4 Teff4 (+2/3)) Pout= 10-4 dyne/cm2 15 to 30 iterations Spectrum: ∫Frad d = Teff4 > 30,000 pts UV sbmm = 0.01 Å
Opacities Absorption and scattering coefficients ∑ ij nij j: ionization stage i: energy level within each ionization stage ij: cross-section (cm2) nij: population density (cm-3) ∑ over all elements, processes, ionization stages, level. ijfrom QM, measurements
LTE • TE = thermodynamic Equilibrium • = detailed balance of all process • = state described by Pgas,T • If: • - Collisions dominate radiation • - Radiation field is Planckian • No scattering of radiation • Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) Not the case in exospheres of all stars and planets (radiation dominates) and in lines such as the Lyman series of hydrogen (scattering is important).
Beware of extrapolating polynomials beyond their intended temperature range
The role of atomic and molecular opacity increases at lower temperatures
Sources of H2O opacities Empirical ‘02 Theoretical ‘90s Empirical ‘90s Lab. ‘70s
Hydrides can be important in dwarfs FeH abundance and spectrum
Conclusions Models rely upon only a few basic equations and several simplifying assumptions (hydrostatic eq., energy eq., LTE), valid only for the photospheres objects (Gas giant planets, brown dwarfs, stars older than 1 Myr). Improvements over the past 15 yrs: computer capacities better opacities ! Complete atmosphere course online: http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/~stcd101/