The North

1. The Industrial North The North

2. The North – Industry Changes due to the War of 1812 • Before the War of 1812 • Americans would rather buy and farm their own land rather than work in a factory. • Britain didn’t have excess land for people to move onto so they had a lot of factory workers. • This meant that foreign goods were cheaper than goods from America • America only manufactured cotton • goods, flour, weapons and iron. We need to fix this.

3. The North – Industry Changes due to the War of 1812 • After the War of 1812 • Since America couldn’t trade with Britain, America had to rely on American goods during the • war so American factories expanded. • Even Thomas Jefferson, who used to oppose business, began to believe that Americans needed to be more self reliant including manufacturing. Thanks, England! You actually helped us!

4. Samuel Slater and Mills • Problem: Workers would tire and want to leave the mill. • Solution: Samuel Slater hired families and build them housing and shops and they will stay. • Most kids worked farms at this point in history so working in a mill wasn’t bad. • Kids were cheap and made in one week what an adult made in a day. • Owners went into poor neighborhoods to attract families. • Soon other Mill owners • copied this idea.

5. Francis Cabot Lowell And the Lowell System • Lowell didn’t follow Slater’s idea. He employed young, unmarried women from local farms and constructed boardinghouses for the women. They were give room and meals along with their jobs. • Lowell girls were paid $2 - $4 a week and worked from 6:30am to 6:30 pm with a 35 minute lunch. It was better pay than doing domestic work. Girls usually worked there for 4 years.

6. Working Conditions • The conditions were not good. Long hours, stuffy conditions, poor air, and no ventilation lead to problems. Cotton dust causes chronic coughing in factory workers.

7. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire New York City, March 25, 1911 146 women and girls died The 4th highest loss of life in an industrial accident

8. With more immigrants moving to America and competing for jobs, people feared losing their jobs. • They started to form trade unions, groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions. Sometimes labor unions staged protests called strikes. • Workers on strike refuse to work until employers meet their demands. Trade Unions

9. Industrial Inventions 1830 – Peter Cooper built a small locomotive called Tom Thumb. By 1840 – 2,800 miles of track was laid in the U.S. – more than existed in all of Europe. By 1860, almost every major city in the eastern U.S. was connected by the 30,000 miles of R/R track.

10. Trains bring even more changes! Towns sprang up at railroad junctions. Cities grew as trains brought new residents and raw materials for industry and construction. Wood was the primary source of fuel for trains and steamboats. So lumber was in high demand. Faster trains required coal which soon replaced wood as the main source of power. A ½ ton of coal = 2 tons of wood but at half the cost. It was WAY better!

11. Trains bring even more changes! The demand for steel grew as well due to steel railroad tracks, steel building frames and steel farming equipment. With the growth of cities at railroad junctions, more wood was needed to build homes and furniture. Railroads also brought trade to the central United States.

12. More Technological Advancements TELEGRAPH Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph – a device that could send information over wires across great distances. The telegraph sent pulses, or surges, of electric current through a wire. A short click was called a dot. A long click was called a dash. The telegraph took off in the 1850s. Thousands of miles of line were added every year . By 1861, the first transcontinental line was finished. By the time he died in 1872, Morse was famous. But should he have been? What about Alfred Vail?

13. Morse or Vail?

14. More Technological Advancements IRON PLOW John Deere was a blacksmith who, in 1837, designed a steel plow which was much better than an iron plow. By 1846, Deere was selling 1,000 plows annually.

15. More Technological Advancements MECHANICAL REAPER Cyrus McCormick developed a mechanical reaper which cut down wheat more quickly and efficiently.

16. More Technological Advancements Cyrus McCormick’s Mechanical Reaper

17. More Technological Advancements Sewing Machine Elias Howe invented it but Isaac Singer improved it. By 1860, he was the world’s largest maker of sewing machines.

18. More Technological Advancements 1830 - Iceboxes Iceboxes had hollow walls that were lined with tin or zinc and packed with various insulating materials such as cork, sawdust, straw or seaweed. A large block of ice was held in a tray or compartment near the top of the box. Some finer models had spigots for draining ice water from a catch pan or holding tank. In cheaper models a drip pan was placed under the box and had to be emptied at least daily. The user had to replenish the melted ice, normally by obtaining new ice from an iceman.

19. More Technological Advancements Iron Cook stoves

20. More Technological Advancements Safety Pin

21. More Technological Advancements Matches

22. More Technological Advancements The Camera Even though it was invented in 1827, camera usage wasn’t widely used until the 1890s.