Biology EOCT Saturday Review

1. Biology EOCT Saturday Review Content Domain I: Cells & Content Domain II: Organisms(element1) Mrs. Alison Cuppia Johns Creek High School

2. CONTENT DOMAIN I: Cells • Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Comprehend the importance of homeostasis • Understand the characteristics of enzymes • Understand the characteristics of the four major macromolecules • Comprehend the importance of osmosis and diffusion on life processes

3. Differentiate: prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Prokaryotes- single-cell organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. • Ex- bacteria, archea • Eukaryotes- single-celled and multi-celled organisms with organelles, nucleus. • Ex- plants, animals, fungi, protists

4. Cells must have boundaries • Cell membrane • Lipid bilayer • Has selective permeability- allows certain substances to pass, while blocking others • Cell wall • An additional boundary outside of the cell membrane is the cell wall. It protects the cell and gives the cell its shape. Plants, fungi, most bacteria, and a few protists have cell walls. Animal cells do not have cell walls. http://www.wonderwhizkids.com/resources/content/images/Biology/Cells/B2.jpg

5. Example Question Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to A assemble into multi-cellular organisms B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms C obtain energy from the Sun D store genetic information in the form of DNA

6. Example Question Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to A assemble into multi-cellular organisms B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms C obtain energy from the Sun D store genetic information in the form of DNA The correct answer is choice A. Eukaryotic cells are capable of specialization and forming multi-cellular organisms. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are capable of symbiosis, photosynthesis, and storing DNA.

7. Example Question Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called A cell walls B cilia C organelles D cytoplasm

8. Example Question Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called A cell walls B cilia C organelles D cytoplasm • Choice C is the correct answer because the question is asking about membrane-bound structures. Choices A, B, and D are not membrane-bound structures found inside the cell.

9. Major Cell Organelles • Cell membrane – passage of materials into and out of the cell • Nucleus – controls cell functions; holds DNA • Nucleolus –produces ribosomes • Mitochondria – cell energy • Ribosome – protein synthesis • Vacuole – cell storage • Lysosome – cell digestion • Endoplasmic reticulum – chemical synthesisand transport of proteins • Golgi apparatus – packages, sorts, and transport proteins and other materials Other: • Cell wall – rigid outer wall; nonliving • Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis • Centrioles (animals only)– cell division It is very important that you refer to your textbook for a complete list of cell organelles and their specific functions. Questions relating to this standard may ask you to describe an organelle’s function. They may also ask you to distinguish between plant and animal cells.

10. The Cell

12. Prokaryotic Cell

13. Example Question The function of the cell organelle circled is to produce energy. What is the name of this organelle? A Gogli apparatus B mitochondrion C nucleus D ribosome

14. Example Question The function of the cell organelle circled is to produce energy. What is the name of this organelle? A Gogli apparatus B mitochondrion C nucleus D ribosome The correct answer is choice B, mitochondrion.

15. Homeostasis • Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment like pH, temperature, etc… • Organisms maintain their internal equilibrium by responding and adjusting to environmental stressors. • Living cells maintain a balance between materials entering and exiting the cell. It is important for a cell to control internal concentrations of water, glucose, and other nutrients, while eliminating cellular wastes.

16. Homeostasis: Cell Membrane • Selectively permeable • Allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out. • Allows different cells to perform different activities within the same organism.

17. Homeostasis: Cell Membrane • Passive transport • the movement of materials that does not require energy • from high to low concentration • Types • diffusion • osmosis • facilitated diffusion • Active Transport • requires energy (ATP) • from low to high concentration • Types • pumps

18. Homeostasis: Cell Membrane • Endocytosis (endo = in) • cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment using a vesicle • Exocytosis (exo = out) • cell surrounds and removes material from inside the cell using a vesicle

19. Weeee!!! high low This is gonna be hard work!! high low Cellular Transport Analogy Passive Transport • cell does NOT use energy • Diffusion • Facilitated Diffusion • Osmosis Active Transport • cell uses energy • Protein Pumps Endocytosis & Exocytosis • cell uses energy

20. Isotonic Solution Isotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

21. Hypotonic Solution Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (Low solute; High water) Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell; Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

22. Hypertonic Solution Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (High solute; Low water) shrinks Result: Water moves from inside the cell to the solution; Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!

23. Example Question Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis? A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules. B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine. C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection. D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

24. Example Question Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis? A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules. B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine. C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection. D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction. Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane due to differential solute concentrations. Excretion of digestive enzymes is triggered by chemical changes in the stomach. White blood cells are released in response to the presence of a pathogen. Calcium is released when a nervous signal is sent to the muscle cells. Therefore, the correct answer is choice A.

25. Enzymes • Enzymes • proteins that speed up (catalyze) specific reactions without being used up in the reaction • biological catalysts • Substrates • molecules that a specific enzyme can recognize and bind to • bind with the enzyme at the active site Enzyme and substrate fit together with a lock-and-key-mechanism – model givesspecificity

26. Enzymes Continued… • Activation energy • amount of energy substrate molecules must have when they collide to produce a reaction. • Many enzymes lower activation energies by holding the molecules close together in the correct orientation. • Temperature and pH can change the shape of an enzyme and therefore change its activity or cause it to become inactive.

27. Example Question Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures.

28. Example Question Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures. The correct answer is choice C. The enzyme activity of food spoilage bacteria is greatly reduced at typical food refrigeration temperatures. The rate of reproduction of food spoilage bacteria is decreased, not increased, at low temperatures. Typical refrigeration temperatures are not low enough to kill bacteria. Enzymes, which are proteins, are denatured by high, not low temperatures.

29. Biomolecules • Carbohydrate- a simple sugar or a molecule composed of two or more simple sugars. Used for energy. Contains C, O, and H. Cellulose is used for support in plants. Monosaccharide, polysaccharide. • Mono- one; oligo- few; poly- many • Lipids- more C-H bonds, less oxygen; fats and oils, insoluble in water, nonpolar. Used for long-term energy storage, major component of cell membranes. Waxy covering in cuticle (plants)

30. Biomolecules • Proteins- made of chains of amino acids, important in muscle contraction, transporting oxygen in the blood, part of cell membranes. • Nucleic Acids- store and transmit genetic information. Made of chains of nucleotides. Ex- ATP, NAD+, DNA, RNA

31. CONTENT DOMAIN II: Organisms • Explain the flow of energy needed by all organisms to carry out life processes • Compare the structures and functions in organisms of different kingdoms • Understand the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems • Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms Elements in grey will be covered during the classification and kingdoms unit

32. Energy • The primary source for energy is the sun. • All life processes require energy! • Photosynthesis– converts this solar energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. • Alternatively, some bacteria can use chemosynthesis • Respiration – converts the carbohydrates from photosynthesis (or chemosynthesis) into ATP in the mitochondria • ATP produced anaerobically during glycolysis

33. ATP = Energy ATP– adenosine triphosphate is a special molecule that stores and releases energy stored in its bonds to meet the energy needs of a cell. Energy is harvested from ATP by releasing a phosphate and becoming ADP (diphosphate)

34. Photosynthesis • Autotrophs- manufacture their own energy-providing food, most through photosynthesis. • Plants, cyanobacteria, algae • Chlorophyll- pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs energy from sunlight. • General equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun  C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 * Two main reactions of photosynthesis: light reactions and Calvin cycle.

35. Reactions of Photosynthesis • Light reactions- take place in the chloroplasts. Splits water molecules, providing hydrogen and an energy source for the Calvin cycle. Occurs in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. • Calvin cycle- forms simple sugars (glucose) using carbon dioxide from the air and the hydrogen from water. Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

36. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis- anaerobic (w/out oxygen) process that occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm before cellular respiration can occur. Produces 2 ATP and pyruvic acid. Low ATP production, but can be used repeated in anaerobic situations- lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation. • Aerobic respiration - Glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP). Occurs in the mitochondria. • Both plant and animal cells must do this! C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) • Two main reactions of cellular respiration: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

37. Cellular Respiration • Kreb’s cycle- breaks down the products of glycolysis to produce the molecules used in the electron transport chain. Occurs in mitochondria. • Electron transport chain- takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; converts ADP to ATP by transferring electrons. Net production 34 ATP!!!

38. Relationship between Photosynthesis and Respiration The products of one process are the reactants for the other process

39. Example Question In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis? A 1 B 2 C 4 D 36

40. Example Question In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis? A 1 B 2 C 4 D 36 The correct answer is choice B. Glycolysis splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP. Glycolysis takes place in the cell’s cytoplasm, does not need oxygen to take place, and is necessary for cellular respiration. The products of glycolysis are broken down in the mitochondria to make many more ATP. The other numeric options are incorrect.

41. Example Question The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to A bind CO2 to H2O B split to produce O2 C trap light energy D act as a source of CO2

42. Example Question The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to A bind CO2 to H2O B split to produce O2 C trap light energy D act as a source of CO2 Answer: C Light reactions are the first step in the process of photosynthesis. It is the job of the chlorophyll to trap this light energy. So choice C is the correct answer. Remember, light reactions do not involve CO2 and no sugars are produced, making the other answers incorrect.

43. Summary of Review of Cells • Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Comprehend the importance of homeostasis • Understand the characteristics of enzymes • Understand the characteristics of the four major macromolecules • Comprehend the importance of osmosis and diffusion on life processes • Explain the flow of energy needed by all organisms to carry out life processes

44. USATestPrep.com For new account:  In the Member Login area, click on the button that says “Create a New Account” Use the following information: School ID: johnscreekga Activation Code: stu8397 Then click the “Check Activation Code” button Do NOT forget your login information because we will be using this website to review for final exams and then we will be using this website to review for the End of Course test (EOCT). Write your login information below: School ID: johnscreekga Username: ________________________ Password: ________________________ To join aclass: Make sure you are logged in to usatestprep.com. Click on the “Classes” tab and click the link that says “+Join a Class” Scroll down, choose your teacher’s name, choose your class period, click “Join” Example: choose “Alison Cuppia” for Teacher, choose your class period, click “Join”