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EOCT Review and GHSGT Review in Biology

Five Domains : Cells Organisms Genetics Ecology Evolution. EOCT Review and GHSGT Review in Biology. CELLS. Domain #1. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic. Cells. Prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic Cells. Cells . Cells - Animal. Eukaryotic.

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EOCT Review and GHSGT Review in Biology

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  1. Five Domains: Cells Organisms Genetics Ecology Evolution EOCT Review and GHSGT Reviewin Biology

  2. CELLS Domain #1

  3. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

  4. Cells • Prokaryotic cell

  5. Eukaryotic Cells Cells

  6. Cells - Animal • Eukaryotic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg

  7. Cells • Plant cell

  8. Located on my SCHS website

  9. The Cell Membrane • Selectively permeable • Phospholipid bi-layer

  10. Active transport: 1. Requires ATP 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis Water: Cells in a solution: Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic Passive transport: 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated trans- port Cellular Transport

  11. Cellular Reproduction

  12. Mitosis – maintains chromosome number; occurs in body cellsMeiosis – reduces chromosome number; occurs in sex cells

  13. Enzymes

  14. Enzymes can be affected by: • pH • Concentration • Temperature

  15. Enzymes Lock & Key Model Of Enzyme Specificity

  16. Major Bio-molecules of Life(Macromolecules) • Carbohydrates: (monosaccharides) fuel • Proteins: (amino acids) build structures • Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol) component of cell membranes and another source of energy • Nucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and RNA Note: ATP is required for all cellular activities. Visit SCHS website for more detail

  17. Cellular Energy • Photosynthesis converts sunlight to chemical energy stored as food. (chloroplast) • 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2 • Cellular respiration provides energy to living things by releasing energy stored in bonds of glucose (mitochondria) • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O and energy • .

  18. Organisms Domain #2

  19. DNA • DNA nucleotide

  20. DNA and RNA • DNA: carries genetic information; nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; bonding : A –T; C – G; • RNA: carries message from DNA to ribosomes to build proteins; bases and bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA: m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA

  21. DNA Structure

  22. DNA – Storing and Transmitting Cellular Information  Key Terms: • Replication • Transcription • Translation • Codon • Amino acid • Messenger RNA (m-RNA) • Peptide chain

  23. Role of DNA in most cells: • Carry genetic information when the cell divides and reproduces. (2) Proteins are used to build structures.

  24. DNA Replication • Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule • New nucleotides move into place on the exposed DNA strands • 2 new strands of DNA are now formed • Each new strand contains a copy of the original DNA

  25. DNA Replication

  26. GENETICS Domain #2

  27. Levels of Classification

  28. Cladogram

  29. Gorilla Chimpanzee Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs Tiger Lizard Fish

  30. Plant and Animals Tropisms: Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotropism Behaviors Reflex Instincts hibernation

  31. Animal Development

  32. Ecology Relationships between: Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes

  33. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location Community: all the interacting populations in a given area Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system Biomes: global or regional communities

  34. 5.Biosphere: that portion of the earth where life exists a. Composed of numerous complex ecosystems. b. An ecosystem involves interactions between abiotic (physical) and biotic (living) factors.

  35. Some Abiotic Factors: 1. intensity of light 2. range of temperatures 3. amount of moisture 4. type of substratum (soil or rock type) 5. availability of inorganic substances such as minerals 6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen 7. pH

  36. Biotic factors: • All the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment • ** Thus, the organisms, their presence, parts, interaction, and wastes are all biotic factors.

  37. EVOLUTION

  38. Wrote – On the Origin of Species Proposed thetheory of natural selection Organisms with beneficial adaptations get to mate and pass on their traits Charles Darwin

  39. Natural Selection – the best fit organisms survive to reproduce Mechanisms of natural selection include: • Variation • Overproduction • Adaptation • Descent with modificaion

  40. Evidence of Common Ancestry • Fossils • Biogeography • Embryology • Homologous structures • Analogous structures • Vestigial structures

  41. Bio-Geographic Distribution of Living Species Evolution supports all fields of biology. Section 15-3 Beaver Beaver Muskrat Beaver andMuskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu andCapybara NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu

  42. Embryology Figure 2.4.1. Cat and human embryos in the tailbud stage. A cat embryo is shown on top, a human embryo below. Note the post-anal tail in both, positioned at the lower left below the head of each. The human embryo is about 32 days old.

  43. Homologous Structures – common origin, differ in function, similar in structure. This diagram shows “Descent with Modification”.

  44. Analogous Structures Analogous structures: differ in structure, but similar is function. Example Bird wing Bat wing Insect wing

  45. Vestigial Pelvis of a Whale

  46. The vestigial wings of ostriches may be used for relatively simple functions, such as balance during running and courtship displays. What defines ostrich wings as vestigial is that they are rudimentary wings which are useless as wings.

  47. Molecular and Genetic Evidence to Support Evolution DNA - Analyze DNA base sequence Pseudogenes – analyze vestigial segments of DNA Protein structure comparison Examine genes that determine structure

  48. Proof of Evolution in Biology Paleontologists – study fossil in an effort to complete the fossil record All organisms share the same genetic code, and make most of the same proteins.

  49. Patterns in EvolutionEvolution through natural selection is not random Organisms can converge on a body plan Related species can diverge from similar body plans. Two or more species can co-evolve in response to each other Convergent, divergent, and co-evolution

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