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Cardiovascular System: Circulation Pathways and BP Regulation

Explore the intricate network of blood vessels, from arteries to veins to capillaries, and their role in circulation and blood pressure regulation. Learn about the different types of capillaries, forces affecting blood flow, artery and vein anatomy, and the relationship between vessel diameter and total peripheral resistance. Discover how factors like sympathetic innervation and blood viscosity influence blood flow velocity and pressure points in the vascular system.

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Cardiovascular System: Circulation Pathways and BP Regulation

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  1. Cardiovascular System: Circulation Pathways and BP Regulation Anatomy & Physiology II Tony Serino, Ph.D. Biology Department Misericordia University

  2. Blood Vessels • Arteries –conduct blood away from heart • Elastic arteries, Muscular arteries, arterioles • Veins –conduct blood toward heart • Venules, small and large veins • Capillaries –thinnest blood vessel; used in exchange, is the functional unit of circulatory system (Microcirculation) • AV shunts, metarterioles, pre-capillary sphincters, and capillary bed

  3. Blood Vessels Types

  4. Capillary Anatomy Three types: tight, fenestrated and sinusoids

  5. Capillary Types Tight Capillary Fenestrated Capillary Sinusoidal Capillary

  6. Capillary Bed (blood flowing)

  7. Capillary Bed (blood shunted)

  8. Capillary Transport Pathways

  9. Forces Affecting Bulk Flow across the Capillary Wall

  10. Arteries and Veins • Arteries are known as resistance vessels, especially the arterioles • Arteries withstand the greatest BP • Veins are capacitance vessels, they are able to change the diameter to hold more or less blood

  11. Artery vs. Vein

  12. Artery Anatomy (CT) (Smooth Muscle) (Controlled by sympathetic system = vasomotor nerves)

  13. BP through Vascular Tree Small changes in arteriolar diameter produce big changes in resistance; termed total peripheral resistance (TPR)

  14. TPR (total peripheral resistance) • TPR is the opposition to blood flow through the vessel (caused by friction) • Arteries with their smaller lumen resist blood flow • Arteriolar diameter contribute the most to TPR • Arteriolar compliance (the ability of the vessel to distend) controls the TPR • Sympathetic innervation controls arteriolar radius • The viscosity of the blood also affects resistance

  15. Blood Flow Velocity in Vascular Tree

  16. Blood Flow Changes During Exercise

  17. Arterial Side

  18. Blood flow in a healthy system is Laminar (smooth –no sound) Blood flow in a unhealthy system is Turbulent (rough –noisy)

  19. Atherosclerotic plaques

  20. Pressure Points

  21. Venous Side

  22. Skeletal Muscle Pump

  23. Factors Affecting CO (Review) Starling Forces

  24. Blood Pressure • BP = SP/DP • Systolic Pressure (SP) –the pressure in the artery during systole • Diastolic Pressure (DP) –the pressure in the artery during diastole • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) (weighted average)MAP = DP + 1/3 (PP) • Pulse Pressure (PP) = SP - DP • MAP = CO x TPR

  25. SP DP

  26. Renal Hormonal Control of BP

  27. Summary of MAP Factors

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