by Jace Dunlap

1. Five themes of geography Xinjiang, China by Jace Dunlap

2. Absolute location geographical position: 96° east 18' -73° 41' west longitude 49°north -34° 25‘ south latitude

3. Relative location • North is Mongolia, and Russian Federation • West side is Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan • Southwest is Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India • Southeast is the Chinese provinces Xizang, Qinghai. and Gansu

4. Relative location

5. This is how you spell Xinjiang 新疆 'new' 'territory'

6. PLACE • Physical Characteristics • Bodies of water: Water resources are rich in Xinjiang. There are over 570 big and small rivers.(1)The drainage pattern of Xinjiang is unique within China. The only stream whose waters reach the sea is the Irtysh River, which rises in north-central Xinjiang (as the ErtixRiver), flows west and crosses into Kazakhstan (where it is called the Ertis), and, as the Irtysh, flows through Russia into the Ob River, which then empties into the Arctic Ocean. Other streams in Xinjiang issue from the mountains and disappear into inland deserts or salt lakes.

7. PLACE Physical Characteristics Landforms:Thegreat Altai, TianShan, and Kunlun mountain ranges enclose the region on the north, west, and south, respectively; a barren plateau lies to the west. Xinjiang'srivers, including the Tarim, Yarkant, Ili, Manas, and Hotan, rise in the mountains and flow from east to west. The level land, divided by the Tian Shan in central Xinjiang, comprises Dzungaria, a grazing region to the north, and the Tarim basin (Taklimakan), a vast desert to the south. Lop Nur, a largely dried-up salt lake in the Tarim basin, is the site of Chinese nuclear test explosions.

8. PLACE Physical Characteristics Climate: Xinjiang is far from the sea on all sides and has a typical continental climate.a climate characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and little rainfall, typical of the interior of a continent.

9. PLACE Physical Characteristics Animal Life:Animal life is of greater interest, and big-game hunting is an attraction of the Tien Shan. The mountains are inhabited by antelopes, ibex (wild goats), wapiti (elks), various wild sheep, leopards, wolves, bears, lynx, and marmots. There are wild horses in the north, wild camels in the southern and eastern fringes of the TaklaMakan Desert, and wild yaks on the Tibetan frontier. Birdlife is concentrated in wetter areas. The few varieties of fish are mostly of the carp family. Snakes are not numerous and appear to be harmless. Scorpions and centipedes, however, abound. During the summer, horseflies, mosquitoes, flies, and midges are thick in the woods. A great variety of butterflies are found in the mountains.

10. PLACE Physical Characteristics • Natural Vegetation:Because of the great expanses of desert, the plant life of much of Xinjiang is monotonous. There are pine forests in the Tien Shan and stands of drought-tolerant trees in many places on the edge of the TaklaMakan Desert. Apart from these trees, the most common are varieties of poplar and willow. In the Tien Shan and other mountains there is a great assortment of plants and wildflowers, many of which have never been classified. Nonetheless, more than 3,000 plant species have been identified in Xinjiang, of which some 300 have economic or medicinal value.

11. PLACE • Human Characteristics • Population:21,590,00 (2) • Ethnic Groups: (2) • Uyghur - 45% • Han – 41% • Kazakh – 7% • Hui – 5% • Kyrgyz – 0.9% • Mongol – 0.8% • Dongxiang – 0.3% • Pamiris – 0.2% • Xibe – 0.2%

12. PLACE • Human Characteristics Language: Uyghur is an official language of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, along with Standard Chinese.

13. PLACE • Human Characteristics • Customs: (4) • food: whole roast lamb, pomegranate juice, Flour-filled lungs and rice-filled sausages • music:Rawap, Sapayi, Naghra • Dance: Xinjiang Dance

14. PLACE • Human Characteristics • Economy: (3) • The gross domestic product (GDP) of Xinjiang in 2000 was 136.436 billion Yuan ($20,771,258,130.91) • Agriculture: dry climate-cultivated land requires irrigation • Resources: coal, iron, steel, zinc, crome, nickel, copper, petroleum, and natural gas • Industry: iron and steel mills, cement factories, Petrochemical plants, Thermal power generation, textile mills, beet sugar mills

15. PLACE • Human Characteristics Government: Xinjiang is a national autonomous region where many nationalities live in compact communities.

16. REGION • Functional • Major Trade Partners: Border trade is mainly with former Soviet Union and East European states including Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan and Tajikistan. • Metropolitan Cities • Urumqi • Turpan • Kashgar • Karamay • Yining • Shihezi

17. REGION • Functional • Major Rivers - Drainage: The only stream that reach the sea is the Irtysh River, which rises in north-central Xinjiang (as the Ertix River), flows west and crosses into Kazakhstan (where it is called the Ertis), and, as the Irtysh, flows through Russia into the Ob River, then it empties into the Arctic Ocean.

18. REGION • Perceptual • The Xinjiang people are farmers, herders, traders, and miners. They want technology but find themselves as second class citizens to the powerful famliy run companies from the east.

19. REGION • Formal • Climate Regions: Remote from the ocean and enclosed by high mountains, therefore it has a continental climate dry climate • Vegetation: arid landscape with desert plant life. mountains have drought tolerant trees.

20. REGION • Formal • Shared Characteristics of the whole area: arid climate, relgion is mostly muslim or islam • Land Area 640,930 sq mi (1,660,001 sq km)

21. REGION • Relative location • Xinjiang is in central asia with Russian nationalites to the north, Pakistan and India to the south. • Xinjiang is in the far northweastern side of china.

22. HUMAN AND ENVIOMENT INTERACTION What have people done to change the land? • Dams: • The dams and irrigation canal on the Irtysh and Ili rivers in Xinjiang benifit the people • These projects are bad for the people in Kazakhstan • Railroads: • China places great importance on railroads in Xinjiang • Railroads build for resources, not for travelers convenience • Irrigation: • Because of the irrigation canals dormant land has become fertile farm land

23. MOVEMENT

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26. Whole roast lamb Whole roast lamb is an indispensable dish in grand feast banquets to serve those honored guests, and it is usually prepared for a group of people at special parties, such as wedding party or other festivals. After finished cooking, we take the lamb on a special cart and place in front of guests. The most honored guest at the gathering is then invited to cut the first piece and eat before the rest of the lamb is cut and served around the party. Serving a whole Roasted lamb is a magnificent thing cooked in a kind of special oven.

27. Pomegranate juice Pomegranate juice is juice made from the pomegranate fruit. It is used in cooking both as a fresh juice and as a concentrated syrup.

28. Flour-filled lungs and rice-filled sausages These are traditional snacks of the Uyghur's, using sheep's internal organs as raw materials. Since the materials are uncommon and the cooking is time-consuming, this dish is a rare delicacy.

29. Rawap The rawap is a shorter lute, plucked with a horn plectrum. Several different types are played by the Uygurs. The Kashgar rawap, at around 90cm, has a small bowl-shaped body covered with skin and five metal strings, and is decorated with ornamental horns. The shorter herder's rawap (qoychi rawap), found in the Hotan region, measures around 70 centimeters and is strung with two pairs or three of sheep-gut strings. Both of these types are played by the narrative singers. The Dolan rawap, principal instrument in the Dolan Muqam, with one melodic and several sympathetic strings and pear-shaped body, ressembles the Afghan rubab more closely than the Kashgar rawap. The Qumul rawap is similar to the Dolan version, and is used in folksongs and the Qumul Muqam. The Kashgar rawap has more recently become a professional virtuoso solo and orchestral instrument with six metal strings tuned do-do-so-re-la-mi. An equivalent bass rawap has also been added to professional orchestras.

30. sapayi A folk instrument of the Uygur nationality, the sapayi has two iron rings attached to a 0.5-metre-long oval wooden stick covered on one end with tin. The dancer holds the stick in his right hand and strikes the tin end against his right shoulder or waves it back and forth so the iron rings produce a wonderful sound. Other percussion instruments include the sapay - paired sticks pierced with metal rings, the most common folk percussion instrument, especially used by beggars and Sufis; the tash -- four stones, two held in each hand, struck repeatedly and quickly together, and the qoshuq -- two wooden spoons struck together back-to-back. In addition to these contemporary instruments, instruments historically used by the Uyghur's include the ghunqa -- a form of harp, the b?rbap lute -- ancestor of the Chinese pipa, the jalla -- a bronze skin-covered tambourine, the sapal chora ocarina, and the isqirt slide flute.

31. Naghra Source: Global Times [17:34 July 14 2009] Always played with the sunay, these are a pair of cast iron small kettledrums covered with cow or donkey skin laced over the body, played with a pair of sticks. The naghra-sunay group usually consists of one sunay player, with at least two and up to 11 sets of naghra which play complex rhythmic variations, with a large chong naghra maintaining the basic rhythmic cycle.

32. Xinjiang dance is a precious national legacy of Chinese people. Not only will it be passed down from generation to generation, it will also be brought to the international stage. Xinjiang dance is a precious national legacy of Chinese people.

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