Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology

1. Leonardo’s Laptop:Human Needs and the New Computing TechnologiesBen Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.eduFounding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742

2. Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

3. Scientific Approach(beyond user friendly) • Specify users and tasks • Predict and measure • time to learn • speed of performance • rate of human errors • human retention over time • Assess subjective satisfaction(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) • Accommodate individual differences • Consider social, organizational & cultural context

4. Design Issues • Input devices & strategies • Keyboards, pointing devices, voice • Direct manipulation • Menus, forms, commands • Output devices & formats • Screens, windows, color, sound • Text, tables, graphics • Instructions, messages, help • Collaboration & communities • Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org useit.com

5. U.S. Library of Congress • Scholars, Journalists, Citizens • Teachers, Students

6. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) • Doctors • Surgeons • Researchers • Students

7. NASA Environmental Data • Scientists • Farmers • Land planners • Students

8. Bureau of the Census • Economists, Policy makers, Journalists • Teachers, Students

9. NSF Digital Government Initiative • Find what you need • Understand what you Find Census, NCHS, BLS, EIA, NASS, SSA www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/

10. International Children’s Digital Libary

11. Zooming User Interfaces www.cs.umd.edu/jazz www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens

12. Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens

13. Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

15. Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered

16. Treemap: Newsmap

17. Treemap: Product catalogs www.hivegroup.com

18. Treemap: Gene Ontology www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/

19. LifeLines www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/lifelines/

20. Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

21. An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man • Combined science & art • Integrated engineering & esthetics • Balanced technology advances & human values • Merged visionary & practical

22. Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

23. 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration • Goal: make computer usage less frustrating • Identify top ten frustrations • Measure severity & frequency in lost time • Determine if the situation is improving

24. 1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (111 students) • Pre-session survey: • demographic information • computer experience and attitudes • level of computer anxiety, mood • Users spend 2.5 hours (average) • Report their frustrating experiences • Post-session survey: • assess mood after the session • overall frustration level • loss of time

25. Internet Applications Operating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35) crashes (16) long download time (23) freezes (24) wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) email (15) crashes (13) unexpected message boxes (6) 1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373)

26. 1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46% Minutes lost: 7902 Total minutes: 17,453 1196 1230 2081 3395 Web browsing Other minutes lost OS Productive minutes Email

27. Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/

28. 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment • User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. • Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access • Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000

29. 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/

30. 3) Useful: Generative Theories Beneficial theories: - Descriptive - Explanatory - Predictive - Prescriptive but the big step forward will be - Generative Theories to guide our invention of new technologies

31. 3) Theories of Human Needs • Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness • Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear • Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs • Physiological • Safety • Love • Esteem • Self-Actualization • Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy

32. Human Needs for Relationships Relationships • Self: working on your own • Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates • Colleagues & Neighbors:50-5000 acquaintances • Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more

33. Human Needs for Activities • Activities • Collect: Information • Relate: Communication • Create: Innovation • Donate: Dissemination

34. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

35. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets

36. PhotoFinder www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib

37. PhotoMesa www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa

38. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets

39. Future Directions • E-learning: The new education • E-business: The new commerce • E-healthcare: The new medicine • E-government: The new politics • Mega-creativity • Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

40. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

41. The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

42. 22nd Annual Symposium June 2-3, 2005 Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

43. Getting to the Golden Age of Usability • Action Items • Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods • Web producers: Develop UU statements • Managers: Provide responsible leadership • Journalists: Raise public expectations • Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements • Funders: Expand research on usability • Educators: Disseminate scientific results • Researchers: Explore bold new visions

44. ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.