Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group

1. Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey: Zooplankton Observing System Graham Hosie & SCAR CPR Action Group

2. SO-CPR Survey: Purpose • Map the biodiversity and distribution of zooplankton, including euphausiid (krill) life stages, in the Southern Ocean. • Use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of Southern Ocean. • Serve as reference on the general status of the Southern Ocean for other monitoring programs • eg CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program C-EMP • SOOS CCAMLR – Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

3. CCAMLR-Ecosystem Monitoring ProgrammeC-EMP • to detect and record significant changes in critical components of the ecosystem, to serve as a basis for the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources • to distinguish between changes due to the harvesting of commercial species and changes due to environmental variability, both physical and biological David Agnew (1997) Antarctic Science 9(2), 235-242

4. SO-CPR Survey: Partners & Contributors Australia - AAD - 1991 Japan - 1999 (TUMSAT - 2003) Germany - AWI - 2004 New Zealand - 2006 Great Britain - BAS & SAHFOS – 2005/06 USA – AMLR & NOAA - 2008 Russia – AARI – 2008 South American Consortium – OLA CAML – 2008/09 France – IPEV & AusCPR 2008/09? SCAR Action Group on CPR Research (CPRAG) 2006

5. Water & Plankton Water Exit Water and plankton enter through small aperture into thecollecting tunnel How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Collecting Silk 270µm

6. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm Plankton are trapped on the collecting silk as it passesacross the tunnel

7. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm The collecting silk is then covered by another silk beforerolling into the Preservation Tank

8. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm The mechanism is driven by water passing over the propeller

9. How the CPR works Tow Wire Propeller Cover Silk Gear Box Preservation Tank Water & Plankton Water Exit Collecting Silk 270µm CPR is towed horizontally at about 10 m depth, 100 m directly behind ship Regardless of ship speed, silk advances at 1 cm for every 1 nautical mile

10. 5m = ~450 nautical mile tow Silks cut to 5 cm segments ≡ ~ 5 n miles

11. CPR Data Base Zooplankton Data Spp composition & abundance per 5 n mile Splicing program GIS Database Underway Data GPS,T°, S‰, Fluorometer, Light per 1 minute

12. Common set for all vessels Environmental data collected during CPR tows Sea-water temperature Salinity/conductivity Fluorometry Light - Photosynthetically Active Radiation Solar Radiation UV, UVB Wind Speed & Direction Barometric pressure Optical Plankton Counter Hydroacoustics - 12, 38, 120, 200 khz Satellite data - SeaWiFS

13. CPR Tows 1991-2008 The Survey covers>70 % of the Southern Ocean October to April Approximately40-50 tows each year >4,000 samples p.a. 5 n-mile resolution 135,000 nauticalmiles of data havebeen collected since 1991 This represents morethan 27,000 samples, 200+ taxa +environmental data Australia, Japan, NZ, Germany, UK, USA, Russia

14. Summary of Tows CAML 2007-08 ~25,000 nautical miles

15. Oikopleura spp

16. Euphausia superba

17. Total Abundance

18. Sea Ice Zone January 1998 Temperature 1000 12.00 900 10.00 800 8.00 700 600 6.00 Zooplankton per segment Temperature 500 4.00 400 300 2.00 200 0.00 100 0 -2.00 1 14 27 40 53 79 66 92 131 144 157 170 183 196 222 248 274 300 313 391 443 456 209 235 261 287 404 417 430 326 339 352 365 105 118 378 Segment 66 55S 64 44E 49 21S 130 39E 54 S 60 S 66 S 50 S 52 S 56 S 58 S 62 S 64 S Mawson Hobart

19. Southern ecotone 40ºS Hobart 50ºS 60ºS SACCF Casey Mawson Davis 70ºS 80ºE 90ºE 70ºE 60ºE 110ºE 140ºE 150ºE 100ºE 120ºE 130ºE 160ºE SACCF – Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front

20. Cluster 5 Cluster 2 Cluster 4 Cluster 6 Cluster 1 Cluster 3 9 unique species 1unique species 3 unique species Dumont d’Urville Hobart

21. Future Monitoring • CPR can readily distinguish • Regional • Seasonal • Annual variation in plankton patterns, and eventually • Long term patterns • The SO-CPR Survey is well positioned to provide early detection of any change in the Southern Ocean ecosystems • Distinguish natural patterns from environmental/climatic forcing perturbation

22. #01 #02 #11 #03 #10 #04 #09 #05 #08 #06 #07 Syowa Station Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions JARE Plankton Observations NORPAC Net sampling 110 & 330μm mesh Since JARE 14 1972

23. Sustained Observations Oceanographic observations by JARE

26. Tasks • summarise knowledge on climate change impacts on Southern Ocean ecosystems • consider research required to establish an SOS program to measure rates of change • identify linkages and collaborations needed to implement SOS

27. Structure • Keynote presentations to stimulate discussion • Scientific workshops to consider themes • Open forum presentations and discussion • Contact: sos@aad.gov.au

28. “Plankton know more about climate change than we do!” Prof. Robin Pingree SAHFOS Workshop, Plymouth, May 2008