Diversity of Living Things

1. Diversity of Living Things The Six Kingdom System of Classification

2. How is All Life on Earth Related? All of life is made up of the same macromolecules. (What are the 4 macromolecules of life?) All of life uses DNA to pass on genetic information from one generation to the next. All of life is made up of cells.

3. Figure 1.9 Life’s Calendar

4. First cells arose about 3 billion years ago. For 2 billion years, life consisted of single cells—prokaryotes. These cells were in the oceans, protected from UV radiation.

5. Photosynthesis evolved about 2.5 billion years ago.

6. Figure 1.10 Photosynthetic Organisms Changed Earth’s Atmosphere The first photosynthetic cells were similar to cyanobacteria.

7. Consequences of photosynthesis O2 accumulated in the atmosphere Aerobic metabolism began Ozone layer formed—allowed organisms to live on land

8. Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes. - They contained organelles —membrane bound compartments with specialized functions: • Nucleus • Chloroplast

9. Diversity • So how did the rest of Earth’s organisms get here? • Evolution gives rise to diversity • Over time organisms evolve and change into more complex organism • I.e.: Single cell Prokaryotes  multi cell Eukaryotes

10. Taxonomy

11. All living things are classified into categories, depending on their physical characteristics • Carl Linnaeus is credited with devising a naming system for all living things, called binomial nomenclature. • Ex. Castor (meaning Beaver) canadensis (meaning ‘from Canada’): Genus name, species name • Both underlined or italicized to indicate that they are Latin • Based on the idea, that the more features organisms have in common, they closer their relationship

12. The Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification: least inclusive SPECIES GENUS FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM most inclusive

13. King Philip Could Only Find Good Shoes

14. Kingdoms • Originally there were only two Kingdoms • Plants and Animals • Now-a-days there are six commonly recognized Kingdoms • Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

15. The Six Kingdoms EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC • Eubacteria (Bacteria) • Archaebacteria (Archaea) • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

16. Your Task • In groups of 4 or 5 • Use your textbook to research and find the required information about your given Kingdom. • Once you have completed your research and filled in your table please fill in your section of the overhead located up front.

17. Homework... • Read page 326-331 • Answer questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

18. Phylogeny, Taxonomic Rank and Dichotomous Keys

19. Quiz • Answer the following questions... • What is taxonomy? • What does hierarchical classification mean? • What does binomial nomenclature mean? • List, in order the major levels or classification (Start with Kingdom.).

20. Plenary • Answer the following questions... • What Kingdoms contain Eukaryotic organisms? • What Kingdoms contain Prokaryotic organisms? • What is the major difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms? Thinking... How did Eukaryotic organisms evolve from Prokaryotic organisms?

21. Evolution • Today scientists believe that organisms have changed over time. • Phylogeny: The history of the evolution of a species or a group of organisms • Speciation • Genetic diversity • Species diversity

22. Phylogeny Common Ancestor the study of the flow of genes through living organisms and the history of the evolution of species often shown in the form of a phylogenetic tree

23. Very Distant Relatives • DNA sequencing studies reveals that some genes in archaebacteria are more closely related to human genes and other eukaryotes than to those of eubacteria. Three-Domain system of classification may better reflect the history of life.

24. Classified into three domains ... However, the traditional kingdom system is still most widely used system of classification.

25. An example of Classification: HumanNine-Banded Armadillo Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Chordata Chordata Class: Mammalia Mammalia Order: Primata Xenarthra Family: Hominidae Dasypodidae Genus: HomoDasypus Species: sapiensnovemcinctus Name: Homo sapiensDasypus novemcinctus

26. Definitions... • Toxonomy: The science of classifying organisms. • Taxon: A particular level of classification (ie genus or species). • Taxonomic Rank: The levels of classification in a hierarchy (The most basic rank is that of species, the next most important is genus, and then family)

27. NB: What makes something a species? - can reproduce and produce fertile offspring Try: dichotomous key activity (complete for homework)

28. These spiders look different but are the same species: can reproduce and have fertile offsprings.

29. The scene: a population of wild fruit flies minding its own business on several bunches of rotting bananas, cheerfully laying their eggs in the mushy fruit... Disaster strikes: A hurricane washes the bananas and the immature fruit flies they contain out to sea. The banana bunch eventually washes up on an island off the coast of the mainland. The fruit flies mature and emerge from their slimy nursery onto the lonely island. The two portions of the population, mainland and island, are now too far apart for gene flow to unite them. At this point, speciation has not occurred — any fruit flies that got back to the mainland could mate and produce healthy offspring with the mainland flies. The populations diverge: Ecological conditions are slightly different on the island, and the island population evolves under different selective pressures and experiences different random events than the mainland population does. Morphology, food preferences, and courtship displays change over the course of many generations of natural selection. So we meet again: When another storm reintroduces the island flies to the mainland, they will not readily mate with the mainland flies since they've evolved different courtship behaviors. The few that do mate with the mainland flies, produce inviable eggs because of other genetic differences between the two populations. The lineage has split now that genes cannot flow between the populations.

30. So how do we classify all these different organisms??? Dichotomous Keys

31. From antelopes to zebras - each type of animal is a species. There are more than two million species. 4.1 Life on Earth Many more are yet to be discovered and scientists estimate there could be up to 30 million different types of living things!

32. 4.1 Different species Are these different species? Blackbuck Pronghorn We can't tell without seeing if their offspring are fertile

33. 4.2a Finding what you want Aisle 7 milk and dairy Aisle 8 bread and cakes Aisle 9 fruit Sorting things into groups isclassification Where would you find these: strawberry yoghurt, raspberries, fruit cake, clementines

34. Classification key… A classification key can be used to help you classify an organism based on its characteristics. Dichotomous Key: A two-part key used to identify living things.

35. A) Has hair B) Doesn’t have hair A) Has feathers B) Doesn’t have feathers 3) A) Uses gills B) Uses lungs 4) A) Has smooth skin B) Has scales Mammal Go to 2 Bird Go to 3 Fish Go to 4 Amphibian Reptile The Key

36. Mammal Bird Fish Amphibian Reptile

37. Your Task • Turn to page 332/333 • Complete activity • Answer questions on page 333 Homework: Evaluation and Synthesis Create your own Dichotomous Key to identify the insects shown.

38. Plenary • What does phylogeny mean? • What is a taxon? • What are the 7 ranks of taxonomy? • What tool can we use to help identify or classify organisms?