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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Pituitary gland ( hypophysis ): approx 13mm in total, 2 lobes connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum. Anterior Lobe ( adenohypophysis ): Controlled by hypothalamus, releasing inhibiting/releasing factors (hormones) Hormones include:. Endocrine System.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System

  2. Pituitary gland (hypophysis): • approx 13mm in total, 2 lobes connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum • Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis): • Controlled by hypothalamus, releasing inhibiting/releasing factors (hormones) • Hormones include: Endocrine System • Gonadotropins: affect gonads, ovaries & testes: • Follicle Stimulating Hormone – F: development of egg containing follicles, M: production/maturation of sperm • Luteinising Hormone – F: brings about ovulation, forms corpus luteum, • M: stimulates male sex hormone secretion

  3. Pituitary gland (hypophysis): • Growth Hormone (Somatotropin): body growth, mainly skeleton. Increase rate of amino acid  protein conversion Endocrine System • Thyroid Stimulating hormone (Thyrotropin): production and release of thyroid hormones • AdrenocorticotropicHormone (Adrenocorticotropin): production and release of adrenal Cortex Hormones • Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone): initiates/maintains milk secretion

  4. Pituitary gland (hypophysis): Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) Releases but does not produce (made in hypothalamus, transported through single neurons): Endocrine System • Oxytocin: contracts uterus (labour) & cells in mammary glands (milk let down) • AntidiureticHormone (vasopressin): kidneys remove water from urine. At high conc can also cause constrictions specific arterioles

  5. Thyroid Gland • In the neck, 2 lobes, either side of trachea Secretes: • Thyroxine (iodine & amino acid): controls metabolism by regulating breakdown/build up of molecules. Therefore, energy (heat) release. Endocrine System • Parathyroid Gland • Four glands, embedded in the four corners at the rear of the thyroid glands • Secretes: • Parathyroid hormone (parathormone): controls Ca, PO4 levels in the blood

  6. Thymus • Secretes Thymosins: maturation of T-lymphocytes Adrenal Gland • 2 adrenal glands, one above each kidney • Inner (adrenal medulla) & outer (adrenal cortex) Endocrine System • Adrenal Cortex • 2 Main secretions: • Aldosterone: acts on kidney, reduces Na, increases K in urine • Cortisol: Promotes normal metabolism & resistance to stress • Adrenal Medulla • Adrenaline (epinephrine): reinforces sympathetic nervous system • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine): similar to adrenaline, increases rate and force of heartbeat

  7. Pancreas • below the stomach, next to duodenum • both exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine (special cells: Islets of Langerhans) • Insulin: decreases blood glucose level - promotes uptake of glucose from blood, then: • (In liver/skeletal muscles: glucose glycogen/fat) • Glucagon: increases blood glucose level • (In liver: glycogen/fat  glucose) Endocrine System • Gonads • Androgens: male sex hormones, develop and maintain sex characteristics • Oestrogen & Progesterone: female sex hormones, develop and maintain sex characteristics & regulate menstrual cycle.

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