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LAND RESOURCES

LAND RESOURCES. CLASS : IT-2 BATCH : B. SUBMITTED TO : SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SUBMITED BY : NAGMA SHAIKH RIDHDHI PAREKH VAIBHAV GEET SHREYA PARMAR AVRUTI PATEL. 13BEITG096 13BEITG097 13BEITG098 13BEITG099 13BEITG101

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LAND RESOURCES

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  1. LAND RESOURCES

  2. CLASS : IT-2BATCH : B SUBMITTED TO : SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SUBMITED BY : NAGMA SHAIKH RIDHDHI PAREKH VAIBHAV GEET SHREYA PARMAR AVRUTI PATEL 13BEITG096 13BEITG097 13BEITG098 13BEITG099 13BEITG101 13BEITG102

  3. LAND AS A RESOURCE Land is considered as important resource of earth as it is resource of many materials essential to man and other organisms and is essential medium for development of agriculture, forestry, vegetation etc. Land is a major constituent of lithosphere, it forms about one fifth of the earth’s surface, covering approximately 13,393 million hectares.

  4. LITHOSPHERE : The outer soil crust of the earth is lithosphere. The living organisms, plants and vegetation are supported by the lithosphere. It also contains resources like minerals, organic as well inorganic matter and to some extant air and water. Lithosphere plays an important role as it not only produces food for human beings and animals, but also the decomposition of organic water is carried out by a host of microorganisms in the soil.

  5. Table : Per capita availability of land is different continents of the world

  6. LAND POLLUTION Land pollution is the degradation or contamination of the land surface of the earth. Oops ! I’m getting more n more polluted. 

  7. CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION : Careless and uncontrolled dumping of urban wastes Dumping of industrial wastes Uncontrolled mining Missing the soil by harmful agricultural practices Land pollution damage the terrestrial organisms, reduce the uses of the land by man for agriculture, residential or other purposes and increase the risk of health hazards.

  8. TYPES OF LAND POLLUTION : There are two types of land pollution. Land pollution due to solid waste like industrial waste, mining waste, ashes, agricultural waste. Land pollution due to soil pollution : The topic of soil pollution is discussed in topic of land degradation.

  9. LAND USE Land is finite and important resource for mankind and other organisms. Most human or natural activities need space for their development. This space is provided by land. Land can be considering as renewal resource if utilized carefully. The roots of the trees and grass bind the soil. But if the forest are depleted or grass land overgrazed, soil erosion i.e. loss of top productive soil occurs and the land becomes unproductive. Land is also converted into a non-renewable resource when highly toxic industrial and nuclear waste is dumped in it.

  10. If managed efficiently, this natural resource has long term sustainable potential for food production. Increasing human population has put a great pressure on this natural resource which is not available in unlimited quantity. Vast tracts of land have been cleared of the natural vegetation for cultivation of crops and for plantation – bringing more and more land under the plough for the increasing human population, without applying sound ecological principles for the use of land has put a great pressure on land resources.

  11. VARIOUS USES OF LAND : Food production House the living species, the waste resources and raw material resources (mineral and ores etc.) Industrial purpose Residential purpose Commercial purpose Waste disposal Energy purpose

  12. 1. FOOD PRODUCTION :

  13. 2. HOUSE THE LIVING SPECIES, THE WASTE RESOURCES :

  14. 3. INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE :

  15. 4. RESIDENTAL PURPOSE :

  16. 5. COMMERCIAL PURPOSE :

  17. 6. WASTE DISPOSEL :

  18. 7. ENERGY PURPOSE :

  19. LAND USE PATTERN : Though the pattern of land use varies from country to country; broadly the pattern of land use on earth is : ( i.e. land area occupied by human dwellings and factories, roads and railways, deserts, glaciers, polar ice, marshes, rocks and mountains ).

  20. In India, more than two-fifth land is agricultural land. The pattern of land distribution in India is as under :

  21. LAND DEGRADATION AND ITS CAUSES The surface layer of land is called soil. It covers about four-fifth of the land areas. Fertility or the productive capacity of the soil depends on the minerals it contains. As the minerals are present in the top layer of the soil, top layer is best for vegetation. The factors which deplete the mineral content of the top layer or damage it, reduce the fertility of the soil.

  22. THE FACTORS CAUSING LAND DEGRADATION : Soil erosion Soil pollution Salination and water logging Shifting cultivation Desertification Urbanisation

  23. A. SOIL EROSION : Loss or removal of the superficial layer of the soil by the action of water, wind or by the activities of man is termed as soil-erosion. Factors affecting soil erosion are : 1. Distribution, Intensity and Amount of Rainfall 2. Slope of the ground 3. Nature of soil 4. Vegetation cover 5. Soil mismanagement

  24. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL EROSION : 1. Distribution, Intensity and Amount of Rainfall : Uneven Distribution, more intensity and high amount of rain fall causes more soil erosion as there is plenty of run off which removes the top layer of soil. 2. Slope of the ground : More is the slope, faster is the soil erosion. 3. Nature of soil : Soil erosion will be more in case of open soil than heavier loams. 4. Vegetation cover : Through its network of roots vegetation cover will reduce the soil erosion. It also reduces the run off. 5. Soil mismanagement : Faulty method of surface drainage, over grazing, wrong methods of cultivation ( cutting field along the direction of hill slopes ), forest, fires, removal of forest litter are common practices that aggravate the erosion of soil.

  25. B.SOIL POLLUTION: Soil pollution is the reduction in the productivity of soil due to the presence of soil pollutants. Soil pollutants include pesticides, fertilizers, organic manure, chemicals,radio active wastes, discarded food; clothes leather goods, plastics, paper, bottles, tin cans biomedical waste etc.

  26. COMMON CAUSES OR SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTION: Intensification of agricultural production by excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides etc. Discharge of industrial influents and sewage on land Solid waste generated by community and industries. Hazardous waste like radio activity waste ( Nuclear power plants, nuclear war heads etc ), biomedical waste and hazardous chemical.

  27. EFFECTS OF SOIL POLLUTION ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY: Soil pollutants have an adverse effect on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and reduce its productivity or fertility. Pesticide, fungicides and some metallic elements like Cu, Hg, Pb, As, etc are very harmful to the beneficial micro organisms in the soil as they affect the soil fertility. The excessive use of fertilizers makes the soil either too acidic or too alkaline making it unfit for crop fertility. Soil pollutants can also clog the pores in the soil due to which air circulation is not possible, so the microorganism in the soil which are beneficial for growth of plants cannot get enough oxygen for there survival. This results in decrease in productivity of the soil.

  28. C.SALINATION AND WATER LOGGING: Salination is the increase in the concentration of soluble salts in the soil. In arid areas with low rainfall, poor drainage and high temperatures water evaporates quickly leaving behind the salts in high concentrations. Salination results from two processes. 1. Due to poor drainage of irrigational flood waters, the salts dissolved in these waters accumulate on the soil surface. 2. In summers, the salts from deeper strata are drawn up by capillary action and get deposited on the surface. Excess of these salts form a white crust on the soil surface and are injurious to the survival of plants.

  29. D.SHIFTING CILTIVATION: In shifting cultivation, selected portions of the forest are cut and burnt. Crops are cultivated on that land for some years till it becomes sterile. Then fresh fields are formed for crop cultivation. This practice has led to complete destruction of forests in mainly hilly areas of India and caused soil erosion and problems that accompany soil erosion.

  30. E.DESERTIFICATION: Wind causes the shifting of sand dunes from one place to another, increasing the proportion of fertile land getting converted into deserts each year. Excessive grazing by livestock is another factor resulting in desertification. The destruction of natural vegetation results in accelerated soil erosion due to the removal of the vegetation cover. Erosion of the top fertile soil results in loss of soil productivity and formation of deserts. The immediate cause is the removal of vegetation. Unprotected, dry soil surfaces then blow away with the wind or are washed away by flash foods, leaving infertile lower soil layers. All the factors causing soil erosion leads to deforestation, the main factors being over cultivation, over grazing and deforestation.

  31. F.URBANISATION: Man is to be blamed for most of the land degradation of grasslands, croplands and forests. Productive area is fast reducing because of developmental activities such as human settlements, industries, roads, railways, airports, dams, canals etc.

  32. CONCLUSION Thus, we studied land pollution , causes of land pollution , types of land pollution , land use in land resources.

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