Progress of Disaster Management

1. Progress of Disaster Management Administration in Japan October 20 (Thurs), 2011 Shingo KOCHI (Mr.) Disaster Reduction Learning Center (DRLC) Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

2. Disaster Reduction Learning Center（DRLC） HYOGO Prefectural Gov. HYOGO Pref. Gov. Co-establishment Utilizing experiences from Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Utilizing Japan’s disaster risk management to foster those people to support people suffered from natural disasters in developing countries who will be involved in disaster in developing countries DRL DRLC Hyogo Prefectural Gov. and JICA make a joint effort

3. Hazards Confronting Vulnerable Communities Cause Disasters Disasters Hazard Vulnerability 3 (risk assessment) (societal conditions)

4. Less Disasters Disasters Hazard (risk assessment) Vulnerability (societal conditions)

5. The Holistic Approach to cope with Disasters -The Japanese Experience - (persons) The number of casualties and the missing caused by natural disasters in Japan 6481 6062 5868 Hanshin-Awaji 4897 (Kobe) Earthquake East Japan EQ and Tsunami Approx. 20000 Ise-wan Typhoon 1945 1950 1959 1970 1980 1990 1995 2000 (year) 5

6. Severe Damage caused by Series of Typhoons Year Typhoon Death Toll 1945 Makurazaki Typhoon 3,756 1947 Catherine Typhoon 1,930 1948 Ion Typhoon 838 1950 Jane Typhoon 539 1951 Ruth Typhoon 943 1954 Toyamaru Typhoon 1,761 (with big ferry shipwreck) 1958 Kanogawa Typhoon 1,269 1959 Ise-wan Typhoon 5,098 6

7. Aleutian trench North American plate Eurasian plate Plate boundaries of the world Himalaya Kuril trench Japan trench Caribbean plate Mariana trench Arabian plate Philippine Sea Cocos plate plate Mid-Atlantic ridge African plate Pacific plate Nazca plate South American plate Australian plate Subduction zone Indistinct plate boundary Ridge and transform fault Plate movement Antarctic plate Distribution of earthquakes of the world (M≧4.0100Km or less depth, 1975-1994) ［Science chronology, 1997］

8. Japan and Its Surroundings.

9. Historical Earthquake Record around Japan 1983 South East of Hokkaido Eq. Eurasia Plate 1896 Meiji-Sanriku Eq. 1983 Sea of Japan Eq. 1933 Showa-Sanriku Eq. 1923 Kanto Eq. 1854 Ansei-Tokai Eq. 1854 Ansei-Nankai Eq. Philippines Sea Plate

10. coordination system among jurisdictions in case of wide-are disaster. (e.g. Tonankai-Nankai Eq. ) Maximum Seismic Intensity (Japanese Scale) by city-wise jurisdictions In case of prospect Tokai-Tonankai-Nankai Eq. (Data source: Central Dis. Prev. Council.)

11. Japan’s Government System 3 Layers of Government National Government (Prime Minister is elected by the National Diet) 47 Prefectural Government (Governor is elected by the residents) Largest Prefecture: Tokyo 13.1 million Smallest Prefecture: Tottori 0.6 million (Population data based on national census in 2011) 1,750 Cities, Towns, Villages Municipal Government (Mayor is elected by the residents) (as of March 2011)

12. The National Government Financial Services Cabinet Office Agency National Public National Police Ministry of Internal Affairs Fire and Disaster Safety Commission Agency Cabinet and Communications Management Agency Minister of State for Cabinet Secretariat Ministry of Justice Disaster Management Minister of State for Regulatory Reform, Administrative Reform, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regional Revitalization and Regional Government Ministry of Finance Minister of Economic and Fiscal Policy Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Minister of Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs, Science and Technology Policy, Ministry of Health, Innovation, Gender Equality, Social Affairs and Food Safety Labor and Welfare Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Agency The Prime Minister is the Head of Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan Meteorological Agency the Cabinet and is the Chairman of the Central Disaster Management Council Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan Coast Guard Ministry of the Environment Geographical Survey Institute 12 Ministry of Defense

13. Organizational Chart of Central Disaster Management Council.

14. Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011

15. Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011 Ministry of Defense

16. Police Department, Fire Agency and Japan Coast Guard

17. 1959 Ise-Wan Typhoon was the Epoch-Making Turning Point • Response oriented approach to preventive approach • Individual approach to comprehensive multi-sectoral approach • Investment for disaster reduction 17

18. Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act 1961 Central Disaster Management Council chaired by the Prime Minister National Coordinating Body with all relevant Ministers & Japanese Red Cross, Public Broadcasting, Semi-Public Sectors Annual Gov’t Official Report on Disaster Countermeasures The Cabinet must officially report the disaster countermeasures to the National Diet Formulation of “National Basic Disaster Management Plan for Disaster Prevention” The Disaster Management Operation Plan (Sectoral) The Local Disaster Management Plan Designation of “Disaster Prevention Day” 18

19. Outline of the Disaster Management System

20. Structure of Basic Disaster Management Plan Natural Disasters Earthquake Disaster Storm and Flood Volcano Disaster Snow Disaster Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Accident Disasters Maritime Disaster Aviation Disaster Railroad Disaster Road Disaster Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Nuclear Disaster Hazardous Materials Countermeasures Disaster Countermeasures Large-Scale Fire Forest Fire Disaster Disaster Countermeasures Countermeasures Addressing all the disaster phases Disaster Prevention Disaster Disaster Recovery and And Preparedness Emergency Response Rehabilitation Tangible countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder National government Local government Residents 20

21. Emphasis on Strong Link of Information Flow among Various Sectors Stronger Coordination among various gov’t sectors & Red Cross Involvement of Semi-Public Sectors Electric Companies, Railway Companies, Public Broadcasting etc. Investment for Disaster Prevention Flood Control & Land Conservation Works Forest Conservation Meteorological ObservationMt. Fuji Rader Site, Meteo-Sats Emergency Telecommunication Systems Great Success in decreasing Typhoon & Flood Casualties 21

22. Efforts for Disaster Prevention Recovery Prevention Rehabilitation Mitigation Building nation and communities resilient to disasters Emergency Preparedness Response Improvement of Disaster Prevention Facilities - Observation equipment such as meteorological satellites, weather observation radar and seismometers - Systems for communicating emergency information such as telecommunications and broadcasting facilities etc. National Land Conservation - Soil conservation, River improvement, Construction of dams for flood control, Soil erosion control, Landslide prevention, Coastline conservation, Agricultural land and facilities disaster management etc. Disaster Awareness & Knowledge, Disaster Management Drill 2 Local Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations and Volunteer Activities

23. -Regional Planning -Social Infrastructure Works Meteorology Hydrology Seismology Volcanology -Agriculture & Forestry -Health & Sanitation -Environment Scientific & Civil Protection & Engineering Research Relief National Coordinating Bodies Local Gov’ts, Communities, Mass Media, NGOs People

24. Major changes of Regulation/Law Year Regulation and Law to be revised 1959 Ise-wan Typhoon ⇒Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (1961) 1978 Miyagi-ken oki Earthquake ⇒Amendment of Building Standards Law (1981) 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake ⇒Act for Supporting Livelihood Recovery of Victims (1999) ⇒Self-Defense Force

25. 1995 Kobe Earthquake(17 Jan. 1995, Mag. 7.3 ) was the 2nd Epoch-Making Turning Point Casualty Death: 6,434 80 % were killed by building collapse (crush and suffocation) Injured: 43,792 Damage to buildings Housing:639,686 units - 104,906 completely destroyed - 144,274 half destroyed Public buildings destroyed: 1579units Other buildings destroyed: 40,917 units Fire Fire outbreaks: 293 units 25

26. Kobe Earthquake Direct loss : 5,520 Relevant loss : 914 6,434 deaths 80% immediately killed by building collapse surgeon general’s report Prevention & Mitigation Preparedness Public Awareness Disaster Manager’s Ensure Building Safety ! Proper Action

27. Characteristics of Stricken Area • Directly hit the Metropolitan area -Major Center for Government, Economic and Culture with 3.6million • Capital of Prefecture -Local Governments (Prefecture, Cities) Headquarter were also heavily destroyed -Government Officials including Disaster Management Experts were also victims 27

28. Lesson 1 Delay of First Response due to lack of information • Damaged Headquarter • Local Government Command initially paralyzed • Destroyed almost all traffic system • Telecommunication, even satellite telecommunication system were cut off due to power failure ⇒ It took three days to grasp the entire picture of damage 28

29. Kobe Municipal Government Headquarter 2

30. HYOGO Prefectural Government Headquarter 3

31. Difficultly in Communication at HYOGO Prefecture Headquarter 3

32. National Countermeasure 1 • Establishment of the Cabinet Information Collection Center • Enhanced Governmental System -Minister of State for Disaster Management -Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management • Development of Disaster Information System(DIS) -Early Estimation System -Emergency Measure Support System 32

33. Seismic Intensity Observation Point March, 2011 JMA: 600points, Local Gov. 3,800 (Before the Earthquake 150points) ● Meteorological Agency ▲ Local Government 33

34. Lesson 2 Coordination among organizations • Damage was too huge for local governments to cope with • Local government could not request the National government or other agencies to help because headquarter itself was damaged • Medical cooperation was not effective enough 34

35. National Countermeasure 2 • Nation wide support system for disaster emergency response - National Police Agency, Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Coast Guard and Self Defense Forces - Inter-Prefectures Mutual Support Agreement - Medical transport Action Plan - Designation of Emergency Hospital - Designation of Heliport 35

36. Recent Case: Earthquake and Tsunami in Eastern Japan, March 11, 2011 36

37. Case Study Typhoon Nabi(No.14) 2005 Typhoon Nabi T0512 Hurricane Katrina Central Pressure: 935hPa (min925) Central Pressure: 902hPa Maximum Wind Speed: 45m/s (max50) Maximum Wind Speed: 75m/s Storm Warning Area: 300km Storm Warning Area: 140～220km

38. Precautions by Government  Strong Warning by JMA  5 September High Level Emergency Response Team Convened 1day Prior to Landfall •5 Action Points Decided  5 September Call to the Public by the Chief Secretary of the Cabinet 3

39. The Challenges Ahead in Japan • How can we decrease casualties by possible Earthquakes ! - Retrofit / Rebuild old existing houses & buildings - Affix furniture and adhere protective films on old windows - Encourage companies to make their own contingency plans etc. • How can we decrease casualties by possible Tsunamis ! - Distribute Tsunami Hazard Maps - Disseminate Tsunami Warning effectively - Ensure that people run immediately to safe place etc. • How can we further decrease casualties by Typhoons & Floods ! - Effective advance evacuation warnings for elderly & disabled - Distribute Flood Hazard Maps etc. 39

40. Proverb by Japanese Physics Scientist Dr. Torahiko TERADA (1878-1935) 「天災は忘れた頃にやってくる」 “Natural Disasters will hit us by the Time people have forgotten about it” 40

41. Dear all the guests from Armenia, Guatemala, Honduras, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, and Solomon Islands. Thank you very much for your attention. From JICA Hyogo/ Disaster Reduction Learning Center