Sport and the Individual

1. Sport and the Individual 2. Aggression

2. Todays Objectives • By the end of the session all learners will have: • Considered the definition of aggression through group discussion and development of a definition • Contributed to discussions regarding Freud’s theory of aggression • Developed evaluation points of instinct theories of aggression • Read and made notes on Social Theories including key study • Identified relevant evaluation points • Contributed at least 1 example of catharsis in a sport setting • Some learners will have: • Lead small discussions • Contributed ideas to whole class discussions • Identified contrasts and comparisons between theories • Considered key points required for an exam question

3. So … • What is aggression? • Group discussion developing WORDS associated with aggression • All contribute at LEAST 2 • From your WORDS, develop a definition • Can you have positive aggression?

5. Non-verbal aggression??? • Non-Communication • Avoiding/Ignoring • Evading problems and issues, burying an angry head in the sand • Procrastinating ~ intentionally putting off important tasks for less important ones • Obstructing • Fear of Competition • Ambiguity • Sulking • Chronic Lateness • Chronic Forgetting • Making Excuses • Victimisation • Self-Pity • Blaming • Withholding usual behaviours • Learned Helplessness Passive Aggressive

7. 2.1 Instinct Theories ~ Freud • Eros = life • Thanatos = death • Instincts are physiological needs within people • Sexual and aggressive instincts (impulses) are found in the ID = unconscious • Act aggressively UNLESS, we are ‘checked’ by society and the SUPEREGO • Death Instinct: the drive to destroy and kill is as basic as the need to breathe, thus, we are condemned to random violence

8. We are constantly in situations that cause us to experience constraints and frustrations, which activate this destructive force! • Steam Engine Analogy holding in steam, rather than venting sets the stage for explosions! (Frustration) • How can we deal with this frustration and these impulses? • Catharsis: venting of our aggressive impulses • We must channel our aggression! • Positive • Negative

9. 2.1 Instinct Theory ~ Lorenz • Theory based on his research with animals • Believes that Aggression is: • An instinct found in animals • Spontaneous • Protective, defensive • Survival of the Fittest • Intra-species—no killing • Species preserving • No build up of internal forces

10. Instinct Theory—Lorenz • Animals will stop fighting once submissive behaviour is expressed • What about humans? Many societal inhibitions prevent us from expressing or discharging our aggressive drive War, Violence, Suicide We have lost our inhibitions

11. Task… • Evaluation ~ • Strengths of this theory • Weaknesses of theory • Application? • Catharsis ~ in groups, suggest some examples of catharsis in sport settings

12. 2.2 Social Theories • Read the key study Berkowitz and Geen ~ Environmental Cue Theory • In groups discuss and develop evaluation points “the finger pulls the trigger but the trigger may also be pulling the finger” Discuss!!!

13. Homework… • Ensure all your notes are up to date in regards to key studies AND evaluation points • If you have not already handed a 10 marker in (half term homework!), deadline by end of week ~ otherwise predicted grade could be effected….

14. Today… • All learners have: • Considered the definition of aggression through group discussion and development of a definition • Contributed to discussions regarding Freud’s theory of aggression • Developed evaluation points of instinct theories of aggression • Read and made notes on Social Theories including key study • Identified relevant evaluation points • Contributed at least 1 example of catharsis in a sport setting • Some learners have: • Lead small discussions • Contributed ideas to whole class discussions • Identified contrasts and comparisons between theories • Considered key points required for an exam question