Political Development of the Middle East

1. The focus of this unit is the major political developments that spread across the Middle East. * Countries do not design their government systems to fit into categories. Therefore, a government may have aspects of more than one system. Political Development of the Middle East

2. Types of Government Democracy Direct Representative (Republic) Federal- Federal Republic Parliamentary Democracy Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Theocracy Dictatorship Transitional Communist

3. SS7CG4 The student will compare and contrast various forms of government.A. Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal.B. Explain how governments determine citizen participation: autocratic, oligarchic, and democratic.C. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments: parliamentary and presidential.

5. SS7CG4 The student will compare and contrast various forms of government.A. Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal. Unitary Government System The central government holds almost all of the power. Local governments (state/county systems) sometimes have power, but are still controlled by the central government. Central government may change or abolish the way local governments operate. Some elect officials who may make and enforce laws with no regard to the lower levels of government. A good example would be a monarchy (area ruled by a king or emperor) ruler and advisors make most of the decisions. An example, Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, King and advisors make most of the decisions.

7. SS7CG4 The student will compare and contrast various forms of government.A. Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal. Confederation Government System Local governments hold all of the power however it depends on local governments for its existence. Central government has as much power as the local governments are willing to give.

9. SS7CG4 The student will compare and contrast various forms of government.A. Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal. Federal Government System Power is shared among different levels of government. States have some powers the federal government does not have (collect property taxes and determine sales tax), federal also have some powers the state doesn�t (right to declare war and make treaties.

11. Forms of Government Federal Unitary Pakistan United Arab Emirates Iraq (transition) Afghanistan Iran Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Saudi Arabia Turkey

12. Forms of Government: Confederation United Arab Republic (confederation de-facto; 1958�1961, Egypt+Syria; 1963, Egypt+Syria+Iraq) Arab Federation (confederation de-facto; 1958, (Iraq+Jordan) Federation of Arab Republics (confederation de-facto; 1972, Egypt+Syria+Libya) Arab Islamic Republic (confederation de-facto; 1974, Libya+Tunisia) New England Confederation (1643�1684) United States of America under the Articles of Confederation (1781�1789)

13. Ways Government Distributes Power Unitary Confederation

18. SS7CG4 The student will and contrast various forms of government.B. Explain how governments determine citizen participation: autocratic, oligarchic, and democratic. Autocratic Government Ruler has absolute power. Individuals do not have any rights to choose leaders or vote. One. Oligarchic Government Means �government by the few� A political party or small group takes over a government and makes all of the major decisions. Very similar to an autocratic government. Several. Democratic Government People play a much greater role in deciding who the rulers are and what decisions are made. Decisions are usually made by majority votes but there are also laws in place to protect individual rights. Many.

19. How Governments Determine Citizen Participation Democracy

21. How Governments Determine Citizen Participation

22. There are two types of Democracies: Direct Democracy People vote on all issues. Exists in small societies where citizens can regularly meet and discuss issues. An example is a Kibbutz in Israel. Representative or Republic People vote on representatives and give them the power to vote on issues.

23. SS7CG4 The student will and contrast various forms of government.C. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments: parliamentary and presidential. Parliamentary Form of Democratic Government People vote for those who represent the political party they feel best represents their views of how the government should operate. The legislature they elect (parliament) makes and enforces the laws for the country. The leader of parliament is called the prime minister or premier, recognized as head of government. Presidential Form of Democratic Government Also called a congressional form of government. President or chief executive is chosen separately from the legislature. Legislature makes and passes laws. The president enforces the laws. Difference Prime minister is a member of a parliament. President is in a separate branch of the government. Can both be direct and indirect?

24. SS7CG5 The student will explain the structures of the national governments of Southwest Asia (Middle East).A. Compare the parliamentary democracy of the State of Israel, the monarchy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the theocracy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, distinguishing the form of leadership and the role of the citizen in terms of voting rights and personal freedoms.

26. THE GOVERNMENT of ISRAEL Type of Government- Parliamentary Democracy Three Branches The legislative branch is called the Knesset The judicial branch is called the Supreme Court They also have an executive branch They do not have a written constitution but are working on a draft. Citizens vote for political parties or groups rather than candidates.

27. Israel Executive Branch: The Roles of Prime Minister and President There is not a separation of powers like we have in the US. The prime minister is the head of government- (also called the chief executive), and makes the important political decisions. The president is the head of state- a ceremonial leader or figure head The president signs laws and appoint judges and people to other roles; however, it is considered an apolitical role, so he cannot � intervene politically nor express personal views on issues that divide the public." The legislature is called the Knesset (US: Congress:: Israel: Knesset) Citizens vote for the Knesset The Knesset elects the president. The Knesset also elects the prime minister and the president then ceremoniously agrees. This means the prime minister will be a member of the dominant (main) political party.

28. IsraelVoting Rights and Personal Freedoms Every citizen over 18 has the right to vote. Entire country is a single electoral district. Every citizen has one vote. All votes carry equal weight. Voting by secret ballot. Human rights and liberties part of basic law of Israel. Israel ranks 50 out of 168 for freedom of the press by Reporters Without Borders. Amnesty International disapproves of Israel�s human rights records due to Arab-Israeli conflict.

29. The Government of Israel Citizen Participation Democratic Distribution of Power Unitary

30. THE GOVERNMENT of SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia has an Absolute Monarchy The King holds executive and legislative power in Saudi Arabia so he is head of government and chief of state. The King currently makes decisions (autocracy) but the group of princes will select the next king after the current one dies (oligarchy).

31. Council of Ministers The King is assisted by the Council of Ministers, similar to a cabinet. The King can appoint and dismiss the members, and can overrule all of its decisions.

32. Legislative Branch: Consultative Council This too is an advisory council appointed by the king. Set up similar to a legislature, but can not make final decisions on laws.

33.  Saudi Arabia is Divided into 13 Provinces or Areas The king appoints the governors of each province (prince, governor or emir). Each province has a council made up of members appointed by the king.

34. The Constitution There is NO constitution Instead the Quran is considered the constitution.

35. Judicial Branch: Supreme Council of Justice or Supreme Courts Court rulings are interpreted by Sharia Law according to the Quran. Judges called Quadi make decisions based on the Islamic Laws. There are no juries. The king can overrule judgments.

36. Citizen Rights and Personal Freedoms People must be Muslim to hold citizenship status in Saudi Arabia. Public practice of other religions other than Islam is prohibited. Have strict dietary laws, no pork, no alcohol Women have little personal freedom, no driving on public roads, no voting, have to dress modestly. Limited freedom of the press. 90% of the people are Sunni Muslim. Only males who are citizens over the age of 21 can vote in local elections

37. The Government of Saudi Arabia Distribution of Power Unitary Citizen Participation Autocratic Strict Sharia law � restricts individual freedoms Male citizens only can vote in local elections

38. THE GOVERNMENT of IRAN

39. Iran Government Structure

40. Type of Government Theocratic Republic or Theocratic Democracy Part of the government is a Theocracy because certain government positions are held by religious leaders Part of the government is a democracy that votes for representatives (republic)

41. Three Branches Legislative: Islamic Consultative Council or parliament Judicial: Supreme Court or High Council of Judiciary or Sharia Courts Executive Ayatollah or Supreme Leader is chief of state- he holds ultimate political power. President is head of government and official chief of state. There are also three councils that advise the executive: the Assembly of Experts (religious conservatives who appoint the Ayatollah), Expediency Council, and Council of Guardians of the Constitution (appointed by the Ayatollah and determine whether proposed legislation is both constitutional and follows Islamic law) YOU DO NOT NEED TO KNOW THESE THREE COUNCILS

42. Iran: Voting Rights and Personal Freedoms Universal suffrage. Voting age: 16 Voter turnout is high � Iranians value what little democratic power they have. Freedom House rates Iran freer than Saudi Arabia. Government demands compliance with Islamic law in personal and public life. Male-dominated society. Women are barred from significant economic and political roles. Religious minorities � including Sunnis � are granted little room for participation (ethnic minorities as well). Restrictions on freedom of expression. Abuse, torture and imprisonment without charge occur. Attacks on demonstrators occur regularly. Political groups opposed to the government are mostly repressed. Recognized religions include Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians, but their activities are strictly controlled. Freedom of assembly is written into the constitution but is in fact limited.

43. Iranian Citizen Participation VERY UNCLEAR- many shades of gray! Should know how each term applies but will not be tested on this information. Autocratic- Ayatollah makes all decisions- holds all political power Oligarchic- small group of religious officials choose Ayatollah Some parts are democratic- there is some voting.

44. Distribution of Power in Iran Unitary � all power is held by the central government