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The Integumentary System

Explore the functions and major characteristics of the skin, the largest organ of the body, protecting against various damages and aiding in essential bodily processes. Discover the layers of the epidermis and dermis, along with the major appendages like sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails.

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The Integumentary System

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  1. The Integumentary System

  2. I. What is the Integumentary System? • The organ system that consists of the skin and its derivatives (sweat & oil glands, hair, nails). • Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.

  3. II. Basic Functions of the Skin • Protection from: • Mechanical damage (bumps & cuts) • Chemical damage (acids & bases) • Thermal damage (heat/cold) • Bacteria • UV radiation • Desiccation (drying out) • Temperature regulation (sweat glands- cool body) • Excrete urea (sweat eliminates salts and other wastes) • Synthesize Vitamin D (from sunlight) • Immunity (protects against germs) • Sensory reception (touch, heat, pain, pressure)

  4. III. What are the major characteristics of the skin? • Largest organ of the body • Waterproof, stretchable, washable, and permanent- automatically repairs all cuts, rips, and burns and is guaranteed to last for a lifetime. • Area of about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 10-11 pounds • Pliable yet tough

  5. 3 major layers of the skin • 1. Epidermis (epi- upon) • Composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue • Lacks blood vessels: no blood supply • 2. Dermis- underlies the epidermis • Composed of fibrous connective tissue • Good supply of blood • 3. Hypodermis (not considered skin) • Made of adipose (fat) tissue underneath the skin • Stores fat, anchors skin to muscle below, protects against injury

  6. Epidermis Dermis

  7. A. Cells of the Epidermis • 1. Keratinocytes: • Produce keratin= fibrous protein that provides protection • Formed in the deepest layer of the epidermis (stratum basale) pushed upward by new cells underneath. • Top layer (stratum corneum)= dead, scalelike structures

  8. 2. Melanocytes: • Produce melanin= pigment (yellow/brown/black) that gives us skin color • Shields DNA from UV radiation (protects against skin cancer) Melanocyte

  9. B. Layers of the Epidermis • Stratum basale: deepest layer of the epidermis, undergoes rapid cell division. • Stratum spinosum: intermediate (middle) layer, contain spiny shaped keratinocytes. • Stratum corneum: outermost layer 20-30 cells thick of dead keratinized cells. • Dandruff • Average person shed 40 pounds of these cells in their lifetime. • Everything you see on a human is dead! * Yes, the skin, hair, and nails we see are made of dead keratin cells.

  10. A. Layers of Dermis • 1. Papillary Layer: • Upper part of dermis • Contains Dermal papillae= peg-like projections • Free nerve endings • Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles) • Increase gripping ability on fingers and toes • Friction ridge patterns= fingerprints

  11. 2. Reticular Layer: • Deepest skin layer • Dense, fibrous connective tissue • Contains blood vessels, sweat & oil glands, pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles), and white blood cells.

  12. V. What are the major appendages of the skin? • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hair • Nails

  13. 1. Sweat Glands • Two Types: • I. EccrineSweat Glands: releases sweat (99% water, salts, Vitamin C, antibodies, wastes) • Abundant on palms, soles of feet, forehead, • Aids in evaporative cooling • II. Apocrine Sweat Glands • Sweat + fatty substances + proteins milky/yellowish • With bacteria= body odor • Activated at puberty sexual sweat gland?

  14. 2. Sebaceous Glands • Secretes oil (called sebum) into the hair follicle • Waterproofing skin • Soften and lubricates hair and skin • Kills bacteria

  15. 3. Hair (PILI) • 2 main regions: hair root and hair shaft • Project from follicles in dermis • Consists of dead, keratinized cells

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