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Learn about the importance of classification and how it helps us understand the world of living organisms. Explore the seven levels of classification, the three domains, and the six kingdoms. Discover the defining characteristics of each domain and kingdom, and understand the key differences between bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
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Classification Sorting it all out
Why Classify? • Classification is putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics. • Allows us to figure how many species there are in the world • Tells us the defining characteristics of each species • Shows us the relationship between species • Think of a classification system you may use in your everyday life. Why do you use this system?
Taxonomy • Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms • In the 1700’s Carolus Linnaeus discovered the seven level system of classification that we still use today These levels of classification incorporate all of the living organisms of the world. Even though we are constantly discovering new organisms and new species, we are able to fit these new species into Linnaeus’ levels of classification.
Seven Levels of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Domains • A three-domain system is used to classify living organisms. Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their body. 1.Bacteria (Eubacteria):unicellular prokaryotes (cells lack a nuclueus), • Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs • Some are harmful (ex. Strep throat) and some helpful (ex. yogurt) • Very common • Kingdom of Eubacteria
Domains cont… 2. Archaea: unicellular prokaryotes • Archaea is Greek for “ancient”, these organisms are the oldest known organisms on Earth • Some are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs • Can be found in deep ocean with hot gasses and molten rock, salty water, swamps, and even intestines of a cow! • These harsh living conditions are related back to the ancient world • Different chemical make-up than bacteria • Not as common as bacteria • Kingdom of Archaeabacteria
Domains cont… 3. Eukara: eukaryotes (cells contain nuclei) • Organisms in this domain can be classified into 4 kingdoms • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals
Kingdoms • Largest level of classification • Contains similar phyla • There are 6 different kingdoms • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia
Which kingdom? • Organisms are divided into kingdoms based on…. • Cell Type – Prokaryote (no nuclei) or Eukaryote (nuclei)
Which Kingdom cont… 2. Cell Number- unicellular or multicellular 3. Feeding Type- autotroph or heterotroph
Key Characteristics of Domains & Kingdoms Bacteria Fungi
Archaebacteria • Ancient bacteria • Live in harsh/extreme environments • Prokaryote • Unicellular • Autotrophs and heterotrophs • Cell wall is present- contains no peptidoglycan (polymer)
Eubacteria.. Or just plain bacteria • When people talk about bacteria, this is the type they usually mean • Live in more neutral conditions • Prokaryote • Unicellular • Some autotrophs and some heterotrophs • Cell Wall present Nitrifying bacteria (autotroph) E.Coli, helps break down food in your intestines (heterotroph)
Protists • All eukaryotes that are not plants, animal, or fungi • Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms • There are animal-like protists called protozoans (no cell wall), that are heterotrophs • There are plant-like protists like algae (cell wall present), that are autotrophs • Slime molds, water molds • Odds and ends group
Fungi • Molds and mushrooms • Unlike plants, fungi Do NOT perform photosynthesis • Unlike animals, fungi do NOT eat food • Heterotrophs, absorb nutrients from substances in their suroundings • Reproduce using spores • Eukaryotic cells • Multicellular • Cell wall present
Plants • Eukaryotic cells, multicellular • Cell wall present • Create own food through photosynthesis, making plants autotrophs • Plants provide nutrients and habitat for other organisms
Animals • Complex, multicellular organisms • Eukaryotic • No cell wall present • Usually able to move around, and have specialized sense organs • Usually have quick response to environment • Animals depend on plants and other animals for food, making animals heterotrophs • Animals depend on bacteria/fungi to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms • Simple organisms like worms, insects, corals, and sponges are also animals
Phylum Examples in Animal Kingdom • Chordata- dorsal nervous chord (spinal column) • Mollusca- muscular foot, shell • Cnidaria- Have cnidae (stinging cells), have a nerve net but no true nervous system, no head, 2 way gut • Annelida- segmented, bilaterally symmetrical, closed circulatory system, setae There are 35 different phyla in the Animal Kingdom alone!
Classification of Man • KingdomAnimalia • PhylumChordata • ClassMammalia • OrderPrimates • Family Hominidae • GenusHomo • Species sapien
Binomial NomenclatureakaScientific Name • Binomial = TWO terms • Nomenclature = given NAME • Linnaeus discovered a scientifically useful way to name organisms no matter how many common names there may be • Ex.) In North and South American, a certain large cat is called a mountain lion by some people, a cougar by others, and a puma still by others. However, its scientific name is always the same, Felis concolor • Genus + species = scientific name • Scientific names are written in italics, the Genus always capitalized and the species lowercase.
